In the present study, the in vivo distribution of polyelectrolyte multilayer coated gold nanoparticles is shown, starting from the living animal down to cellular level. The coating was designed with functional moieties to serve as a potential nano drug for prion disease. With near infrared time-domain imaging we followed the biodistribution in mice up to 7 days after intravenous injection of the nanoparticles. The peak concentration in the head of mice was detected between 19 and 24 h. The precise particle distribution in the brain was studied ex vivo by X-ray microtomography, confocal laser and fluorescence microscopy. We found that the particles mainly accumulate in the hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the cerebral cortex.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a severe viral infection that has claimed approximately 658,507 lives in the US between the years 2010-2014. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has proven to inhibit HIV-1, but unlike other viral illness, not cure the infection. Objective: Among various Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ARVs, nucleoside/ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are most effective in limiting HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on NRTIs mechanism of action and metabolism. Methods: A search of PubMed (1982-2016) was performed to capture relevant articles regarding NRTI pharmacology. Results: The current classical NRTIs pharmacology for HIV-1 prevention and treatment are presented. Finally, various novel strategies are proposed to improve the efficacy of NRTIs, which will increase therapeutic efficiency of present-day HIV-1 prevention/treatment regimen. Conclusion: Use of NRTIs will continue to be critical for successful treatment and prevention of HIV-1.

A new class of antibody-functionalized, semi-flexible and filamentous polymers (diameter 5–10 nm, length ∼200 nm) with a controlled persistence length, a high degree of stereoregularity and the potential for multiple simultaneous receptor interactions has been developed. We have decorated these highly controlled, semi-stiff polymers with T cell activating anti-CD3 antibodies and analyzed their application potential as simple synthetic mimics of dendritic cells (sDCs). Our sDCs do not only activate T cells at significantly lower concentrations than free antibodies or rigid sphere-like counterparts (PLGA particles) but also induce a more robust T cell response. Our novel design further yields sDCs that are biocompatible and non-toxic. The observed increased efficacy highlights the importance of architectural flexibility and multivalency for modulating T cell response and cellular function in general.