The propeller–duct interaction on the wake dynamics of a ducted propeller is numerically investigated via detached eddy simulations. The blade–blade interference and blade–duct interaction are analyzed through different configurations under non-ducted and ducted conditions. It is found that the blade–blade interference benefits the loading stability, and the duct leads to a faster efficiency decrease in a single blade with the increasing blade number. The short-wave instability dominates the wake as the unstable secondary vortices accelerates the vortex evolution. The multi-induction effect stabilizes the two tip vortices system in a two-bladed configuration, while the tip vortex grouping occurs early in a four-bladed propeller due to the combined effect of the duct retardation and smaller spiral-to-spiral distance. Additionally, the enhanced wake instability leads to the fast decline of the power spectral density peaks of kinetic energy at blade passing frequency and shaft frequency harmonics toward the far field under ducted conditions.

The hydrodynamic loads and wake dynamics of the ducted propeller in oblique flow are investigated by detached eddy simulation (DES), with particular emphasis on the characteristics of wake fields and kinetic energy (KE) spectra. The influence of the duct, together with the strengthened induction of the propeller, cause the non-uniform velocity distributions in the inflow plane, resulting in unstable and periodic hydrodynamic loads on the blades. Shedding vortices from the leading edge of the duct dominate the leeward wake, and strengthen the self- and mutual induction of tip vortices. Large deformation of the tip vortices is observed due to the complex interference of the shear-layer vortices, shedding vortices and secondary vortices. The trajectories of the tip vortices are found distorted but still recognisable on the windward wake. The spiral-to-spiral distances of tip vortices increase and the re-alignment effect of the main flow enhances in the downstream wake.