In the present study, the quality of the surface water of the Gomti river (Lucknow, India) was investigated. Lucknow is situated in the centre of Uttar Pradesh, which is most the populated state in India. The locality has experienced rapid, unregulated development activities and population growth in recent decades, both of which have had a negative impact on its ecosystem and environment. Continuous monitoring is required to maintain the ecosystem at the desired level. Nine samples of river water were collected from the Gomti River in Lucknow, and they were analysed for a total of nine different characteristics, including pH, turbidity (Tur), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride ion (Cl-) concentration, temperature (T), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) and total hardness (TH). The observed data were analysed using multivariate statistical methods. A cluster analysis (CA) was used to sort the sampling locations into different groups, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was used to find the different sources of pollution. Using a cluster analysis, all the water quality parameters were divided into three groups. Cluster 1 represented the less polluted sites, cluster 2 represented the moderately polluted sites and cluster 3 represented the highly polluted sites. Sampling sites SS8, SS4, S99 and SS7 were highly polluted because of nearby pollution sources such as domestic wastewater and runoff storm water. The principal component analysis yielded two meaningful components that explained 82.4% of the total variation in the data. The first factor and second factor explained 59.022 and 23.363 percentages of the total variance, respectively. It was noticed that major sources of pollution for the Gomti river are storm water runoff and the release of domestic and industrial wastewater from residents and industries, respectively. This study will help policy makers to ensure sustainable practices and reduce negative impacts on the availability and quality of water, allowing for the most efficient use of the Gomti River.

In today’s world of strong competition and environmental consciousness, finding alternative materials that can be extensively used has become vital. As we all know the aluminum industry in India procreate a large amount of solid waste, like as red mud. During Bayer’s alumina refining technique, Red-mud is created. Dumping Red-mud contaminates the soil and water, as well as covering valuable property, because it contains some harmful substances. Red mud can be used in mortar and concrete technologies to partially substitute cement in construction activities by studying the cementation behavior of the material. Because Red-mud, a waste product from the alumina industry, is free, using it to partially substitute cement is cost-effective. Because wastes no longer have any industrial applications, they can be used as a raw material in civil engineering area in a novel way. An experiment was carried out to partially substitute cement in concrete with red mud for different percentages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent) by taking into consideration the cementitious behavior of the red mud. The compression, tensile, & flexural behavior of cement mortar specimens are researched and given within the scope of the cement’s mechanical strength. The current article summaries research on the use of red mud as a partial replacement for cement in mortar & concrete, as well as its impact on mechanical and durability aspects.

Construction materials are becoming limited as sand pits are depleted and dredging is prohibited by environmental regulations. As a result, it has become necessary for us to look for a fresh and realistic option. A concerted attempt has been made in this proposed study to provide a workable answer to this challenge. Sandstone is used to make manufactured sand, which is utilized as a fine aggregate in concrete. M–Sand, which includes micro particles, has completely replaced river sand. Micro fines are particles with a dimension of less than 75 microns in length and diameter. Micro fines are used in the production of M30 grade concrete in different proportions (0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, and 25 %). Six Manufactured Sand mixes and one river sand mix were created for the purpose of testing and comparing them. The compressive strength of manufactured sand with the right quantity of micro particles was found to be enhanced.

This research focuses on the examination of the qualities of fresh and hardened M40 grade concrete employing Crushed ROCK Powder (CRP) as fine aggregate instead