A novel selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for moxifloxacin (MFLX) detection based on bifunctional monomer molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene was constructed. A suspension of graphene was deposited on the GCE surface. Subsequently, a molecularly imprinted film was prepared by the electropolymerization, via cyclic voltammetry, of o-phenylenediamine and L-lysine as functional monomers in the presence of MFLX as the template molecule. A control electrode (NIP) was also prepared. The electrochemical properties of the MIP and non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP) sensors were investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), in which [Fe(CN)₆]^3−/4− was used as an electrochemical active probe. The surface morphology of the imprinted film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fabrication conditions that affect the performance of the imprinted sensor are discussed. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the imprinted sensor had good linear current responses to moxifloxacin concentrations in the ranges from 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ M and from 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ to 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ M, with a detection limit of 5.12 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (S/N = 3). The developed sensor was successfully applied to detect moxifloxacin in tablets and human urine samples. Moreover, the fabricated sensor possessed good selectivity and stability, providing a promising tool for immunoassays and clinical applications.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition caused by damage or dysfunction of the central or peripheral nervous system. Electroacupuncture (EA) has an antinociceptive effect on neuropathic pain, which is partially due to inhibiting astrocyte activation in the spinal cord. We found that an intrathecal injection of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, reversed the antinociceptive effects of EA in a chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain model. The expression of GFAP in L4-L6 spinal cord was significantly upgraded, while DPCPX suppressed the effect of the EA-mediating inhibition of astrocyte activation, as well as wiping out the EA-induced suppression of cytokine content (TNF-α). These results indicated that the adenosine A1 receptor is involved in EA actions during neuropathic pain through suppressing astrocyte activation as well as TNF-α upregulation of EA, giving enlightenment to the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia and development of therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain.

Reduced graphene oxide-nanocrystals has attracted considerable attention since it has great potential due to its great chemical activity, high mechanical stability and excellent electrical properties. But the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-nanocrystals still faces challenges, for example introduce of RGO would contribute to change the morphology of nanocrystals. To address the challenge, we designed a simple method to prepare the common composite material and it was successfully adopted to fabricate glucose sensor with higher catalytic activity. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental results indicated that RGO-Pd NCs@CuO/GC electrode showed excellent electrocatalysis for glucose oxidation with a lower detection limit of 10 nM. This sensor was of excellent stability and sensitivity. This study not only provides a new sensor for selective and reliable detection of glucose but also offers a common and facile strategy for syntheses of nanocrystals supported on reduced graphene oxide.