This paper reviews the Chinese government’s efforts and progress towards ensuring equitable access to quality early childhood education (ECE). It begins with an overview of the Chinese context and analysing the reasons for a policy focus on ECE in recent decades. Thereafter, from a historical perspective, it critically reviews policies pertaining to enhancing access to and the quality of ECE in China since 2010. Nationally representative data are used to document policy implementation. Our analyses of national policies and representative data suggest that the state considers ECE a public good. This is evident from policy changes, efforts to bridge urban–rural disparities, fiscal allocations to the most economically disadvantaged groups, and strategies to enhance the quality of ECE.A significant focus on policy implementation with improved regulation and monitoring of services provided by both state and non-state actors was found. However, it is evident that gaps persist between urban and rural areas regarding infrastructure and resourcing, gross enrolment rates, and teacher–child ratios. That stated, the momentum that has driven policy change and the dramatic gains demonstrates the priority accorded to ECE.

Previous literature has focused on the overall influence of parental involvement on adolescents’ academic performance, while less attention has been accorded to the reciprocal relationships between different forms of parental involvement and academic performance across gender. The present study examined the reciprocal associations between different forms of parental involvement and adolescents’ academic performance using nationally representative data. A total of 9449 Chinese adolescents (47.82% girls, M _age = 13.21, SD = 0.65, 91.20% Han Ethnicity) have participated in the two-year and two-wave longitudinal study. Cross-lagged model results indicated reciprocal associations between parent-reported involvement and academic performance. Autonomy-supportive parental involvement in Grade 7 was positively associated with better academic performance in Grade 8, while behavioral control was negatively associated with later academic performance. Parental socialization practices vary by adolescent’s gender. Compared with girls, boys experienced increased parental behavioral control in response to better academic performance. The findings reflect the persistence of stereotypical gender expectations and gender socialization in contemporary China.

Early childhood education (ECE) programs are expanding at an unprecedented pace in middle-income countries, and it is important that the teachers of these programs provide children with high-qualit...

Power transformer is one of the most important and expensive devices in power system. Fault in a transformer has a large influence so that the operation statuses of it directly affect the safety of power system. However, it is difficult to diagnose fault location because transformer faults may be caused by many factors and occur in many places for its complex structure. This paper proposed a transformer fault diagnose method by using voltage and current from fault recorder and protection devices of all voltage levels, as well as sequence components of them. Characteristics of current from all voltage levels are recognized by analyzing sequence components of currents derived from special TAs and bushing TAs under several fault situations. Then, a correspondence relationship between the transformer fault location and fault record wave is established to determine fault location quickly. Finally, the paper analyzed a real case of 220kV transformer fault to verify the effectiveness and usefulness of the method. Transformer fault can be quickly and accurately located using the proposed method, which makes the outage time shortened, thus improving the stability and security of power grid.