Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome characterized by ovulation disorders accompanied by hyperandrogens. Women with PCOS are prone to develop insulin resistance which has metabolic characteristics similar to type 2 diabetes and leads to disturbance of follicular formation. PCOS is also known to increase the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α. Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have compounds that can reduce insulin levels and glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and should be able to reduce TNF-α and follicle count. Purpose: This study aims to prove the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf in reducing insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS. Methods: The three-month-old white rats Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) 150– 170 grams were divided into four groups (n = 10), namely normal rats, PCOS model rats, PCOS model rats given metformin, and PCOS rats given 500mg of Moringa oleifera. The method of this study is taking PCOS model rats by injecting the 100mg/kg BW hormone testosterone propionate for 21 days. After 21 days of therapy, we analyzed insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count. Results: The PCOS control group showed an increase in insulin level, glucose levels, TNF-α expression, and a decrease in the follicle count compared to the normal control group. The insulin level, glucose level, TNF-α and follicle count in the Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW treatment group were significantly lower than in the PCOS control group. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaves have the potential in reducing insulin levels, blood glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS patients.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is a risk factor associated with endometriosis. Our study aimed to analyze the risk of endometriosis in women with a LBW history and the relationships of progesterone receptor B (PR-B) gene promoter methylation, DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) expression, PR-B expression, and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) with endometriosis. Methods: This study was conducted in two stages, a retrospective case-control design and a cross-sectional design, with 52 cases of endometriosis and 30 controls, which were further subdivided into LBW and non-LBW groups, at Hasan Sadikin General Hospital and its hospital networks from October 2017 to August 2021. Menstrual blood was taken from subjects and analyzed using pyrosequencing techniques to assess DNA methylation, while q-RT PCR was used to assess gene expression. Results: There were significant differences in PR-B methylation, DNMT1 expression, PR-B expression, and VEGF expression (p < 0.001) between the case and control groups. There was a significant negative correlation between PR-B methylation and PR-B expression (r = −0.558; p = 0.047). Based on a multiple logistic analysis, the most dominant factor affecting endometriosis incidence is PR-B (OR 10.40, 95% CI 3.24–33.4, R² = 45.8). We found that patients with a low birth weight history had a 1.41-times-higher risk of developing endometriosis (95% CI 0.57–3.49, p = 0.113), although the relationship was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Endometriosis is associated with PR-B gene promoter hypermethylation, decreased PR-B expression, and increased DNMT1 and VEGF expression. The methylation of PR-B is the most dominant factor affecting endometriosis incidence.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is significantly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Syzygium polyanthum is a plant rich in pharmacological properties. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammation and antioxidant potential of S. polyanthum bioactive compounds using in silico approach. Methods: The S. polyanthum was extracted using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method, and the bioactive compounds were screened using Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. This study predicted the biological activity of S. polyanthum compounds using PASS Online server. Before docking, we analyzed the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network of TNFα, NF-kB, SOD, and KEAP1. The molecular docking was done using Autodock Vina in PyRx software and visualized using Discovery Studio. Probability to be active (Pa) was determined. Results: The bioactive compounds found in S. polyanthum and used in this study were deoxyphomalone, NCGC00169066-01, and phloretin with retention times [min] of 0.886, 0.907, and 8.323, respectively. The predicted biological activity of compounds and controls were anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, TNF expression inhibitor, immunomodulatory and HIF1α expression inhibitor (Pa>0.5 for all S. polyanthum compounds and Pa<0.5 for SPD304, MG-132, and MDF). Based on PPIs network analysis, TNFα, NF-kB, SOD, and KEAP1 are associated. The molecular docking analysis showed that deoxyphomalone, NCGC00169066-01, and phloretin had inhibition potential against TNFα and NF-kB, and activation potential against SOD, due to several residues involved in the interaction of compounds-protein was the same as the interaction of inhibitor (SPD-304 and MG-132) and activator (gallic acid) control against the protein. The residues may have the same inhibition or activation mechanism as the control. However, S. polyanthum bioactive compounds may still have inhibition potential against KEAP1 through Ala548 residue that is also involved in the interaction of DMF-KEAP1. Conclusions: The bioactive compounds of S. polyanthum showed anti-inflammation and antioxidant potential, which may have a good effect in the treatment of PCOS, yet still need to be confirmed in vitro or in vivo research.

Background and Aim: The combination of vitrification techniques and in vitro maturation can reduce oocyte competence. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and maturation-promoting factor are significant in oocyte meiotic maturation regulation. This study aimed to analyze vitrification's effect, after warming followed by in vitro maturation, on the expressions of protein 38 (p38), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), and cyclin B and oocyte maturation level. Materials and Methods: Immature goat oocytes were soaked in vitrification and warming solutions. The procedure was followed by in vitro maturation and in vitro maturation without post-warming vitrification as a control. These oocytes, along with their cumulus, were vitrified using hemistraw in liquid nitrogen. Oocyte maturation was carried out in a maturation medium that was added with 10 μg/mL of FSH, 10 μg/mL of LH, and 1 μg/mL E2 for 22 h. The expressions of p38, CDK1, and cyclin B were observed using immunocytochemical methods, which were assessed semiquantitatively according to the modified Remmele method. The oocyte maturation level was observed using the aceto-orcein staining method based on the achievement of chromosomes up to the metaphase II stage and/or the formation of the polar body I. Results: p38 expression in vitrified oocytes after warming, followed by in vitro maturation, increased insignificantly (p≥0.05), with the acquisition of 3.91±2.69 and 2.69±0.50 in the control oocytes. CDK1 expression in vitrified oocytes decreased significantly (p≤0.05) after warming, followed by in vitro maturation, with the acquisition of 2.73±1.24 and 7.27±4.39 in the control oocytes. Cyclin B expression in vitrified oocytes decreased insignificantly (p≥0.05) after warming, followed by in vitro maturation, with the acquisition of 3.09±1.4 and 4.18±2.61 in the control oocytes. The proportion of vitrified oocyte maturation levels after warming, followed by in vitro maturation, decreased significantly (p≤0.05), with the acquisition of 45.45% and 77.27% in the control oocytes. Conclusion: This study concluded that vitrification after warming resulted in an insignificant increase in p38 expression, a significant decrease in CDK1 expression, an insignificant decrease in cyclin B expression, and a significant reduction in oocyte maturation levels.

Highlights: 1. Most senior high school students live a sedentary lifestyle. 2. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism were related to an increased risk of PCOS in adolescents. 3. Sedentary lifestyle and overweight were found to have a significant correlation with increased risk of PCOS in adolescents. Abstract Introduction: Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the endocrine and metabolic disorders characterized by oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenism. A sedentary lifestyle in adolescence increases the risk of overweight and obesity. Being overweight may increase the risk of PCOS in adolescents by the mechanism of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which affects the function of adrenal and ovarium androgen production. The increase of androgen has an important effect on PCOS. This study aimed to examine the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and being overweight as the risk of PCOS in adolescents. Methods: This was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. This study was held at State Senior High School (SMAN) 5 Surabaya from February to April 2020. The sample of this research was chosen by random sampling of all female students in SMAN 5 Surabaya. The data were collected by direct measurement of student’s weight and height and a questionnaire consisting of Global Physical Activities Questionnaire, menstrual cycle, and Ferriman–Gallwey score. The students were stated at risk of PCOS if they had an abnormal uterine bleeding pattern and had Ferriman–Gallwey score ≥5. The data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 82 students (100%), 32 students were overweight (39%), 5 students had obesity (6.1%), 44 students were performing a sedentary lifestyle (53.7%), 42 students had Ferriman–Gallwey score ≥5 (51.2%), 38 students had an abnormal uterine bleeding pattern (43.3%), and 35 students were at risk of PCOS (42.6%). Logistic regression analysis showed there was a significant relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and the risk of PCOS (p = 0.004) and a significant relationship between being overweight and the risk of PCOS (p < 0.001). People with a sedentary lifestyle have 6.3 folds higher risk of PCOS than normal people, and people with overweight have 16.2 folds higher risk of PCOS than normal people. Conclusion: Sedentary lifestyle and overweight have the role of increasing the risk of PCOS in adolescents.

Link of Video https://youtu.be/VtCPJX9TPg4 Background : Syzygium Polyanthum is classified among the 5,000 medicinal plant species documented in the Indonesian Medicinal Herb Index. It is utilised for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine and has potential health benefits. Extraction of medicinal plants is crucial to separate active plant materials or secondary metabolites. The aim of the study was to compare extracts of Syzygium Polyanthum Leaves using different methods: maceration and UAE in extracting flavonoids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Methods: the bioactive component content and antioxidant activity of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extracted using two different methods—maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)—are compared. 96% ethanol was employed as the extracting solvent in the maceration and UAE extraction processes for S. polyanthum.The bioactive substances in both extracts were determined using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Result: The amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, and IC50 in S. polyanthum leaves was evaluated between the maceration extraction method and UAE. Liquid chromatography-high Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis was utilized to detect the presence of bioactive compounds, then classified according to the PubChem database's taxonomy. There were comparable amounts of flavonoids in both extracts (60.194 mg QE/g and 60.074 mg QE/g). According to the DPPH assay, the total phenol for the extracts obtained by maceration and UAE was 94.63 ± 2.18 mg GAE/g and 122.87 ± 5.99 mg GAE/g extracts respectively, and the IC50 for the extracts obtained by maceration and UAE were 88.21 ± 1.38 μg/mL and 41.23 ± 6.11 μg/mL. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) approach yielded significantly greater quantities of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, as well as exhibited stronger antioxidant activity, when compared to the maceration extraction method. The utilisation of the UAE approach resulted in a significant rise in the antioxidant activity of S. polyanthum leaves.