Asphalt is one of the primary materials that are extensively used by the pavement industry throughout the world. Its behaviour is highly dependent on the amount of loading and the level of temperature it is exposed to. Asphalt has been modified in the past with different additives to improve its high- or low-temperature properties. In Pakistan, temperature remains high for most of the time of the year; hence, asphalt binders with less susceptibility to higher temperatures are preferred for flexible pavements. Acids, polymers, fibers, and extenders have been used by the researchers to improve high-temperature performance of asphalt mixture. In the present study, a bio material derived from the animal waste, named as bone glue (BG), has been used with the 60/70 penetration grade binder in dosages of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of asphalt binder. The bone glue is produced from a sustainable source. It is a cost-effective and eco-friendly material. Moreover, it produces a durable and nonhazardous asphalt composite. The influence of addition of bone glue on asphalt binder was evaluated using different testing techniques which include consistency tests, rheological analysis, and adhesion tests. Furthermore, different performance tests were conducted on bone glue-modified asphalt mixtures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were carried out to ensure the homogeneity and proper mixing of bone glue in asphalt binder. The results from the tests reveal that bone glue stiffens the asphalt binder hence enhancing its high temperature performance. Bone glue dosage of 9% by weight of the binder was found to be the optimum dosage based on the rheological and performance analysis.

To encounter the issues of waste materials, low tensile strength of concrete and environmental impacts of cement production, research is needed to develop a sustainable concrete. This study has endeavored to investigate the effects of using recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), various types of wastewater effluents, fly ash, and glass fibers on the mechanical and durability behavior of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) incorporating with fly ash and glass fibers (FGRAC). Six different kinds of wastewater effluents for the mixing of concrete, 100% replacing the natural coarse aggregates with RCA, and 30% replacement of cement with fly ash were used for the development of concrete. The experimental measurement portrayed that the textile factory effluent presented the highest compressive and tensile strengths of concrete. Fertilizer factory effluent portrayed the highest water absorption, mass loss due to acid attack, and chloride penetration to concrete.

Adhesion and moisture damage are significant factors in the early failure of pavements. This study examined the adhesion and moisture resistance of three types of binders (40–50, 60–70, and 80–100 pen bitumen) modified with paraffin wax (PW), hydrated lime (HL), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) at dosages of 1% and 2% by weight of the binder. The Bitumen Bond Strength (BBS) test was performed using the Pneumatic Adhesion Tensile Testing Instrument (PATTI) to measure Pull-Off Tensile Strength (POTS) and determine the type of failure following dry and wet conditioning. Additionally, the mixture was tested for moisture susceptibility using the Rolling Bottle Test (RBT). The RBT results showed that adding LDPE and HL to the control binder increased bitumen coverage, indicating greater resistance to moisture damage. In contrast, adding PW reduced bitumen coverage, indicating higher susceptibility to moisture damage. Based on the BBS test, LDPE and HL-modified bitumen developed greater bond strengths as POTS values increased, while PW-modified bitumen developed decreased bond strengths as POTS values decreased.

Many experimental works available in the literature explore the structural behavior of flexural members, but a limited number of studies examined the structural behavior of flexural members using nonlinear finite element modeling (FEM). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of reinforcement ratio as well as shear span on the flexural and shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams using three-dimensional FEM in ANSYS. Experimental data and results of fifty-five reinforced concrete beams were compared. Concrete was modeled using a three-dimensional SOLID65 solid element, capable of representing the actual behavior of nonlinear brittle materials such as concrete. Discrete reinforcement was modeled using a three-dimensional LINK180 spar element. The outcomes of the finite element model for loading and cracking of flexural members with a discrete modeling approach were in good agreement with theoretical and experimentally obtained results at all stages of loading. Furthermore, it was observed that at the early stage, the finite element model shows a nearly close result to experimental data compared to the result obtained at the ultimate stage. The outcomes of this study are of utmost importance for structural engineers in designing reinforced flexural members.