The Ediacaran peralkaline granites, which were emplaced during the post-collisional tectonic extensional stage, have a limited occurrence in the northern tip of the Nubian Shield. In this contribution, we present new mineralogical and geochemical data of Mount El-Sibai granites from the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The aim is to discuss their crystallization condition, tectonic setting, and petrogenesis as well as the magmatic evolution of their associated mineralization. Mount El-Sibai consists of alkali-feldspar granites (AFGs) as a main rock unit with scattered and small occurrences of alkali-amphibole granites (AAGs) at the periphery. The AAG contain columbite, nioboaeschynite, zircon and thorite as important rare metal-bearing minerals. Geochemically, both of AFG and AAG exhibit a highly evolved nature with a typical peralkaline composition (A/CNK = 0.82–0.97) and formed in within-plate anorogenic setting associated with crustal extension and/or rifting. They are enriched in some LILEs (Rb, K, and Th) and HFSEs (Ta, Pb, Zr, and Y), but strongly depleted in Ba, Sr, P and Ti with pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.07–0.34), consistent with an A-type granite geochemical signature. The calculated T_Zrn (774–878 °C) temperatures indicate that the magma was significantly hot, promoting the saturation of zircon. The texture and chemistry of minerals suggest that they were crystallized directly from a granitic magma and were later subject to late- to post-magmatic fluids. Both granitic types were most likely generated through partial melting of a juvenile crustal source followed by magmatic fractionation. The lithospheric delamination is the main mechanism which causes uplifting of the asthenospheric melts and hence provides enough heat for crustal melting. The produced parent magma was subjected to prolonged fractional crystallization to produce the different types of Mount El-Sibai granites at different shallow crustal levels. During magma fractionation, the post-magmatic fluids (especially fluorine) contribute significantly to the formation of rare metal mineralization within Mount El-Sibai granites.

The Neoproterozoic granitic rocks of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt are of geodynamic interest and provide us with important information about the evolution and growth of the northern part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) continental crust. They are primarily composed of granodiorites and syenogranites based on new field, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The granodiorites are marked by an enrichment of LILEs such as Sr, K, Rb, Ba compared to HFSEs like Nb, Ta, Ti and show a higher concentration of LREEs relative to HREEs. This composition suggests a subduction-related setting and aligns with the characteristics of subducted I-type granites in the ANS. Chemistry of the analyzed primary amphiboles in the investigated granodiorites support a calc-alkaline nature, mixed source and subduction-related setting. The granodiorites represent an early magmatic phase in this setting, likely formed from a mix of mantle-derived mafic magmas and lower crust material, with subsequent fractional crystallization. On the other hand, syenogranites exhibit high SiO₂ (72.02–74.02 wt%), total alkali (7.82–8.01 wt%), and Al₂O₃ (13.79–14.25 wt%) levels, suggesting their derivation from peraluminous (A/CNK > 1) parental magmas. Their REE-normalized patterns are flat with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, typical of post-collisional A2-type granites worldwide. These rocks originated from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crustal source (tonalite) in a post-collisional setting, driven by lithospheric delamination that facilitated mantle upwelling and underplating to the lower crust. Interaction between the upwelled mantle and lower crust led to fertilization (enrichment with HFSE and alkalis) of the lithosphere before partial melting. Fractional crystallization coupled with less considerable crustal assimilation are the main magmatic processes during the evolution of these rocks. The transition from subduction to post-collisional setting was accompanied by crustal uplifting, thickening and extensional collapse of ANS continental crust that caused emplacement of large masses of A-type granites in the northern ANS.

The Gabal El-Faraid Group, in the Egyptian Southeastern Desert, comprises Neoproterozoic lithologies and structurally controlled mineralization zones that require an integrated exploration approach. This study integrates multi-source remote sensing data with detailed field observations, structural analysis, and petrographic investigations to improve lithological differentiation and delineate mineralization-related structures. Results indicate a potential structural-control spatial association among shear zones, hydrothermal alteration zones, and mineralization, suggesting their potential role in controlling mineralization. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms have been used to best delineate lithological rock units of the study area. Accurate lithological mapping was achieved using an SVM applied to combined Sentinel-2 and ALOS PALSAR datasets, yielding an overall accuracy of 92.67%, a Kappa coefficient of 0.8928, and an F1-score of 88.64%. Six spectral mineral indices, like argillic, clay, ferrous silicates, ferrugination, hydroxyl, and phyllic alterations, have been emphasized using the hyperspectral PRISMA dataset. Exposed rocks comprise metavolcanics, metagabbro-diorite, tonalite-granodiorite, monzogranite, syenogranite, pegmatite, and late basic dikes, representing a multiphase magmatic sequence spanning arc-related to post-collisional stages. Structural investigations indicate a polyphase deformation history comprising four major events (D1-D4). The earliest phase (D1) is characterized by penetrative foliation, stretching lineation, and low-angle thrusting associated with nappe transport during intra-oceanic arc accretion. D2 reflects large-scale folding and regional shortening related to arc-to-continent collision. The D3 phase records transpressional strike-slip shearing, reactivating earlier structures and facilitating magma ascent, whereas D4 is marked by brittle faulting and jointing linked to post-orogenic uplift and extensional tectonics. Lineament analysis from PALSAR data highlights dominant NW-SE and NE-SW trends that closely correspond to field-measured fabrics and shear zones. Integration of field and remote sensing datasets demonstrates that late-stage deformation (D3-D4) exerted strong structural control over pegmatite emplacement, quartz veining, and hydrothermal alteration, with a main set trending WNW to NW and a less prominent set with pronounced ENE and NNW trends, emphasizing the role of inherited Pan-African structures in localizing mineralization. High-priority prospective zones in the studied granites were derived from integrated datasets, which were systematically combined in ArcGIS using a fuzzy-logic overlay. The detected zones are labeled as very high, high, moderate, low, and very low based on their potential for rare-metal mineralization. The integrated datasets can be applied to similar areas in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and across the entire Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS).