The lion-head goose is the only large goose species in China, and it is one of the largest goose species in the world. Lion-head geese have a strong tolerance for massive energy intake and show a priority of fat accumulation in liver tissue through special feeding. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of high feed intake compared to normal feeding conditions on the transcriptome changes associated with fatty liver development in lion-head geese. In this study, 20 healthy adult lion-head geese were randomly assigned to a control group (CONTROL, n = 10) and high-intake-fed group (CASE, n = 10). After 38 d of treatment, all geese were sacrificed, and liver samples were collected. Three geese were randomly selected from the CONTROL and CASE groups, respectively, to perform whole-transcriptome analysis to analyze the key regulatory genes. We identified 716 differentially expressed mRNAs, 145 differentially expressed circRNAs, and 39 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including upregulated and downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were significantly enriched in molecular function. The node degree analysis and centrality metrics of the mRNA–lncRNA–circRNA triple regulatory network indicate the presence of crucial functional nodes in the network. We identified differentially expressed genes, including HSPB9, Pgk1, Hsp70, ME2, malic enzyme, HSP90, FADS1, transferrin, FABP, PKM2, Serpin2, and PKS, and we additionally confirmed the accuracy of sequencing at the RNA level. In this study, we studied for the first time the important differential genes that regulate fatty liver in high-intake feeding of the lion-head goose. In summary, these differentially expressed genes may play important roles in fatty liver development in the lion-head goose, and the functions and mechanisms should be investigated in future studies.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric coronavirus that infects pigs of all ages. Notably, neonatal piglets (≤7 days old) in naïve herds can experience case fatality rates approaching 100%, with hallmark clinical signs of vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration, thereby representing a major threat to swine herd health. Serum PEDV‐specific IgG serves as a key serological marker of vaccine‐induced herd immunity. Accordingly, we developed an indirect ELISA (iELISA) using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell‐expressed recombinant PEDV spike (S) protein as the coating antigen. Checkerboard titration identified the optimal antigen‐coating concentration and serum dilution as 1 μg/mL and 1:300, respectively. Based on sample‐to‐positive (S/P) ratios from 50 PEDV‐negative sera, the diagnostic cutoff was set at 0.796, corresponding to the mean plus 3 standard deviation (SD) of the negative control group ( n = 50). The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were both <6.30%, indicating good precision (repeatability) and reproducibility. Specificity testing showed no detectable cross‐reactivity with sera positive for five common porcine viruses (porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine group A rotavirus (PoRVA), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and African swine fever virus (ASFV)). Moreover, PEDV‐specific IgG measured by iELISA correlated strongly with virus‐neutralizing (VN) antibody titers ( r = 0.95), and both metrics were associated with protective outcomes at the herd level. Collectively, this assay provides an effective tool for evaluating protective immunity following PEDV vaccination.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants continue to threaten the swine industry because of the limited protection provided by current vaccines. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of Saccharicterpenin (SAC), a plant-derived extract rich in triterpenoid saponins and polysaccharides, against PRV in vitro. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, SAC inhibited PRV replication in a dose-dependent and strain-independent manner (EC₅₀ = 60.12 μg/mL; SI = 3.76), as demonstrated by reduced viral genome copies, infectious titers, viral gene transcription, and protein expression. Mechanistic analyses revealed that SAC exerted multi-stage antiviral actions by directly neutralizing virions, conferring prophylactic protection via decreased cellular susceptibility, impairing viral attachment and internalization processes, reducing extracellular progeny virus yield, and attenuating PRV-induced relative mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). Collectively, these findings demonstrate the multi-stage in vitro antiviral activity of SAC against PRV. Although the in vitro selectivity index is relatively modest, these findings provide preliminary evidence supporting further evaluation, active fraction characterization, and in vivo validation of SAC in veterinary medicine.

Chicken infectious anemia (CIA), caused by chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), is an immunosuppressive disease in poultry that frequently predisposes i