Drug-induced kidney injury remains a major clinical challenge associated with diverse therapeutic agents and is an important cause of acute kidney injury, chronic renal dysfunction, and treatment-related morbidity. Growing evidence indicates that nephrotoxicity caused by anticancer, immunosuppressive, and anti-infective drugs is strongly driven by oxidative stress and redox homeostasis disruption. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal tubular cells overwhelms endogenous antioxidant defenses and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, and activation of stress-responsive pathways that culminate in tubular injury and renal functional decline. These processes promote apoptosis, necrosis, microvascular injury, and a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate, while dysregulation of redox-sensitive pathways involved in cell survival and repair further heightens renal vulnerability. This review summarizes current mechanistic insights into oxidative stress-mediated pathways of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, with emphasis on their translational relevance. In addition, it discusses emerging biomarkers for early detection and highlights recent advances in antioxidant-based and redox-modulating strategies that may help prevent renal injury and preserve kidney function.

Investigating how dietary nutrients influence the structure and action of the gut flora is a topic of significant importance in nutrition and health. The gut microbiota is accountable for the production of various bioactive chemicals, among which are B vitamins. These vitamins play crucial physiological functions in the host organism by promoting symbiotic species’ well-being and inhibiting competing species’ proliferation. B vitamins have a crucial role in the well-being of both the host and certain gut bacteria. Nutritious B vitamins are mostly absorbed in the small colon; however, any surplus B vitamins that cannot be absorbed in this region are sent to the distal gut. Moreover, the distal gut microbiota oversees the manufacture of B vitamins that are present in the distal colon and are known to serve various crucial roles within the body. These roles encompass acting as essential nutrients for both the host and their microbiota, regulating immune cell activity, influencing the effectiveness of certain drugs, promoting the survival and fitness of specific bacteria, inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, and modulating colitis. In this chapter, we will examine the significance of individual B vitamins in the distal intestine, focusing on their interactions with bacteria and mechanisms. The exploration of expanding analytical tools to enhance the comprehension of the gut’s involvement in B vitamins is being investigated. The host’s metabolism is greatly affected by deficits in these vitamins due to their widespread functions. In recent times, there has been emerging research on the unique B vitamins functions in maintaining the balance of gut Bacillus science and promoting intestinal well-being. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

Probiotics are living microorganisms that are good for the well-being of the host organism, usually humans. They are generally bacteria or yeast. As they support a balanced population of microorganisms in the gut and provide several health privileges, they are frequently referred to as “friendly” or “good” bacteria. Probiotics have a long history of being live microorganisms that are known to help their host’s health. Probiotics are now more diverse than the classic bacterial strains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The range of probiotic applications is being broadened through research into a variety of microorganisms, consisting of yeast and postbiotics, as possible probiotics. Changes in the commensal bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract are linked to susceptibility to pathogens like Clostridium difficile, and there is strong evidence that in genetically predisposed people, the normal flora may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel disease. This has led to numerous strategies using probiotic-containing food supplements to strengthen or otherwise alter the intestinal flora. This topic has developed through time from accidental discoveries to a methodical investigation of the human microbiome. Metagenomics, genomics, and molecular biology developments have made it possible to precisely identify and characterize certain probiotic strains. Given the significance of the gut microbiota to human health, probiotic functional foods and medications are the subject of increasing research and business interest. Careful evaluation of a probiotic food’s strain choice, suitable processing and storage keeping, cell plausibility and functioning, and efficient distribution at the intended site are all necessary. Numerous technologies have been investigated and some of them have been accepted for industrial use to address these issues. Probiotics can be effectively stabilized in their dry form using encapsulation. The encapsulation strategy directly improves stability, distribution, and functionality by providing a physical barrier to shield them from harmful environments. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->