The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antibodies against foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR), and bluetongue (BT) in sheep and goats within Giza and Beni-Suef governorates at the second half of 2016

Mastitis is an important disease in dairy animals worldwide. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of clinical and subclinical intramammary infections. In the current study, we isolated bacteria from 150 mastitic milk samples. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the methicillin resistance genes in S. aureus to detect the occurrence of MRSA isolates. Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Artemisia herb Alba (A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs). The antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated (in vitro and in vivo) against collected MRSA isolates using the disc diffusion method and SPF rats. Out of 150 mastitic milk samples, the frequency of S. aureus was 38 (25.3), that of E. coli was 45 (30), that of Klebsiella spp. Was 7 (4.7), and that of Streptococcus spp. Was 11 (7.3). Among 38 positive isolates of S. aureus, MRSA was 16 (42.1) by antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) and 14 (38.8) by multiplex PCR. The MRSA isolates were shown to have 100 resistance to penicillin and methicillin, 87.5 resistance to gentamicin, 50 resistance to cefoxitin and amoxicillin, and 75 resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin/sublactam with low resistance against erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin by AST, respectively. A. herb Alba TiO2 NP formation was observed by changing the colour from white to dark green. The UV spectrum revealed absorbance peaks at 240250nm, and their sizes ranged from 4266nm and 11 to 45nm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. herb Alba TiO2 NP suspensions were evaluated against MRSA, with the highest zone of inhibition (43±0.45mm) at a concentration of 40μg/ml. Hematological parameters and histological examination after oral administration of 20mg/kg of A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs indicated that A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs can be used as a new antimicrobial against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with consideration of the dose and methods of synthesis of plant-based compounds.

| Bovine mastitis is very important disease threatening the dairy industry and animal wealth globally, resulting in great economic losses. The present work was aimed to assess the phytochemical components, antioxidant activity and the antibacterial effectiveness of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (BAF) and Curcuma longa powder (CLP) extracts. A total of 287 quarter milk samples were collected from dairy cows raised in four different governorates of Egypt; 95 from clinical mastitis, 37 from subclinical mastitis and 155 from normal milk samples. The isolates from milk samples were identified and differentiated by microbiological cultures, colony morphology, hemolytic activity of the colony, Gram’s stain and biochemical tests. Antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract of BAF (AE-BAF) and ethanolic extract of CLP (EE-CLP) at different concentrations were investigated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitic cows using agar well diffusion technique. The isolated bacteria from collected milk samples were Staphylococcus aureus (30.30%), Escherichia coli (28.03%), Streptococcus agalactiae (19.70%), Salmonella spp. (10.60%), Bacillus subtilis (6.06%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.03%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.27%). Preliminary phytochemical screening of AE-BAF indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, carbohydrate, cardiac glycoside, terpenoids and steroids. Except the cardiac glycoside, the EE-CLP contains the same components. The antioxidant efficacy of the tested plant extracts was evaluated by using free radical scavenging assay method. The AE-BAF and EE-CLP posses 86.6% and 85.9% free radical scavenging activity with 1.5 and 0.125 mg /ml concentrations, respectively. The AE-BAF possess significant antibacterial activity at 400 and 800 mg/ml against all isolates, except K. pneumoniae which was not suppressed at the 400 mg/ml concentration. The significant (P ≤ 0.05) antibacterial activities of EE-CLP were observed at 20 and 50 mg/ml concentrations. It could be concluded that AE-BAF and EE-CLP exhibited potent in-vitro antibacterial activities, thus justifying their application in treatment of clinical cases of bovine mastitis.

Diarrhea in newborn calves is a serious global health problem. It poses challenges for animal industry, veterinarians and researchers due to the rapid onset of dehydration. Mixed infections make treatment complicated, and many young calves suffer high rates of illness and death from this condition. Numerous enteropathogens are associated with diarrhea in newborn calves, encompassing viruses, bacteria, parasites, and protozoa. Their occurrence differs by region, yet the most prevalent infections include E. coli , Salmonella species, Clostridium perfringens , Clostridium difficile , Rotavirus , Coronavirus , Cryptosporidium , Toxocara , Giardia and Eimeria . This review outlines the diagnostic techniques for diseases that lead to diarrhea in newborn calves. Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations; however, the laboratory identification of etiological items is the only valid way for detecting the illness’s aetiology and initiating treatment protocols. Classic methods such as bacterial culturing, fecal flotation, direct microscopy, and virus isolation help us understand pathogens better. Immunological assays like ELISA and immunochromatography are fast, accurate, affordable, and useful for on-farm detection. They help identify specific antigens or antibodies efficiently. Molecular methods including PCR (standard, multiplex, real time and digital), LAMP assays, DNA microarrays and whole-genome sequencing allow highly accurate and sensitive detection. They can identify pathogens effectively, even at very low levels. Nanotechnology-based assays introduce a novel level of sensitivity and specificity, often yielding quick results with minimal sample volumes. In conclusion, accurate and rapid diagnosis using advanced techniques is critical for managing and preventing diseases that lead to diarrhea in newborn calves.

Background and Aim: Nasal myiasis is a serious parasitic disease among camels caused by Cephalopina titillator larvae that negatively affect animal health and production globally. The diagnosis of the infestation relies on postmortem examination of the head region, which considers a cause impeding treatment of live animals and may be misdiagnosed as central nervous system disorders. This study aimed to identify the most diagnostic larval antigen with the capacity for monitoring C. titillator infestation, and to estimate the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels in Egypt, using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: Three hundred and six male camels of Egyptian and Sudanese breeds, aged 2–5 years, were clinically evaluated for respiratory and/or nervous disorders in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected from all examined animals. The postmortem examination of 38 animals was conducted. Salivary glands, hemolymph, and somatic antigens were extracted from the second and third larval instars. Results: The results revealed that the salivary gland antigen was the most potent antigen in detecting C. titillator specific total IgG antibodies compared to haemolymph and crude somatic antigens. Using receiver-operating characteristic curves and area under the curve, the salivary gland antigen had a sensitivity of 91.67% and a specificity of 92.31%, respectively. It has the highest positive predictive value, 95.7%, and negative predictive value, 85.7%. However, using somatic and hemolymph antigens revealed a sensitivity of 79.17% and 70.83% and a specificity of 76.9% and 84.6%, respectively. There was complete concordance between ELISA results and autopsy findings (true positive). One hundred and forty out of 306 (45.8%) camel serum samples were found to contain C. titillator. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that salivary gland antigen is more effective than somatic and hemolymph antigens in accurately detecting nasal myiasis in camels. In addition, determining the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis with the salivary gland antigen through indirect ELISA revealed that it is a prevalent disease among camels in Egypt. Periodic surveillance of the C. titillator prevalence is necessary for effective management and control measures.