Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death and disease, and treatment options are constantly evolving. In this sense, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in immunotherapy has been considered a fundamental aspect of modern cancer therapy. In order to avoid collateral damage, it is indispensable to identify specific molecular targets or biomarkers of therapy and/or diagnosis (theragnostic) when designing an appropriate immunotherapeutic regimen for any type of cancer. Furthermore, it is important to understand the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy and their mechanisms of action in combating cancer. To achieve this, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of cancer cell antigens, domains, and functions is necessary, including both those presently utilized and those emerging as potential targets for the design of new mAbs in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a description of the therapeutic targets utilized in cancer immunotherapy over the past 5 years, as well as emerging targets that hold promise as potential therapeutic options in the application of mAbs for immunotherapy. Additionally, the review explores the mechanisms of actin of the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy.

Pseudomonas extremaustralis was first isolated from Antarctica and gained interest for its ability to thrive in extreme environmental conditions and degrade recalcitrant compounds. Some strains have been identified as phosphobacteria, which play a significant role in phosphorus (P) cycling by solubilizing or mineralizing insoluble phosphate forms for plant uptake. However, there is limited knowledge about the genomic mechanisms involved in P-cycling in the species P. extremaustralis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the genomic potential of P. extremautralis as a phosphobacteria species by screening genes related to P-cycling. Two P. extremaustralis strains from pisciculture sludge residues were selected to sequence their complete genomes based on their ability to solubilize inorganic P in vitro, and an in silico analysis with all the P. extremaustralis genomes was performed to identify the presence of phosphorus-cycling-related genes. Genes mainly involved in the metabolic processes of two-component systems and transporters, and genes involved in organic acid production and alkaline phosphatases, were identified. This study helps us to understand the metabolic potential of this species and its role as a solubilizer of phosphates and thus a facilitator of plant-available phosphorus, which could guide the use of this species of phosphobacteria in the development of sustainable agriculture.