Groundwater is an essential resource for drinking and agricultural purposes in the Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia. The main objective of this study is to assess groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Al-Jouf region. Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater were determined, including total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electric conductivity (EC), hardness, and various anions and cations. The groundwater quality index (WQI) was calculated to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. The EC, sodium percentage (Na⁺ %), magnesium hazard (MH), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), potential salinity (PS), and Kelley’s ratio (KR) were assessed to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Effective statistical tests and Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) modeling were applied to reveal the correlation between parameters and predict WQI. The results indicated that approximately all samples are appropriate for drinking and irrigation uses except samples of the Al Qaryat region. The ionic abundance ranking was Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ for cations, and Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ for anions. Moreover, the groundwater is dominated by alkali metals (K⁺ and Na⁺) and controlled by the rock–water interaction process. The indicators of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking according to the following criteria (Na⁺ %, SAR, KR, MH, PS, WQI (WHO), and WQI (BIS)) can be predicted by the FFNN with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.136, 0.070, 0.022, 0.073, 2.45 × 10⁻³, 1.45 × 10⁻², and 1.18 × 10⁻², respectively, and R² of 0.99, 1.00, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively.

This study evaluates the quality and irrigation suitability of drainage water in the Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia, where water scarcity necessitates the reuse of nonconventional resources. Eighteen drainage water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and irrigation indices, including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium percentage (Na⁺%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly’s ratio (KR), permeability index (PS), and irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Multivariate statistical tools were applied to identify dominant hydrogeochemical processes. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation in ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 was employed to map significant physicochemical data and irrigation indicators. Results revealed that while EC values indicated low to moderate salinity (0.74–25.2 μS/cm), most samples showed high Na⁺%, SAR, and KR, classifying them as doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation. The IWQI ranged from 84.47 to 1617.87, indicating poor to inferior quality due to evaporation, fertilizer leaching, and sodium accumulation. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of precise geographic modeling in determining whether drainage water is suitable for long-term agricultural use in arid regions such as Al-Jouf. Sustainable reuse of such drainage water requires freshwater blending, gypsum application, and the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030 objectives for sustainable water management in arid regions.

Over the last years of the era of the modern Egyptian state, we have witnessed a remarkable development in all sectors. To be able to continue this development, it was necessary to pay attention to the energy sector and its development, by dispensing with the main dependence on fossil fuels and finding new sources of energy that are less harmful to the environment, less costly and more abundant. The interest of the Egyptian state, represented by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, appeared in the search for various renewable energy sources such as wind energy, solar energy, and others. Our role as researchers is to assist the state in making decisions about determining the optimal sites for the establishment of renewable energy plants of various kinds, based on the criteria for each of these types of stations. This is indeed what has been worked on in several previous studies and research in recent years. In this research, we have reviewed the most important researches related to choosing the best renewable energy sites (wind energy as a model) in Egypt and other countries. The results were reviewed, and comparisons were made between the different study areas and the methodology of each research to clarify the effectiveness of geographic information systems in completing the decision-making process to determine the best sites for energy harvesting, and accordingly choosing the best sites for constructing wind power plants. Note that the researches reviewed here is based on MCDA by AHP method using GIS.

Delivering affordable, reliable, and sustainable electricity in lower-middle-income countries requires spatially explicit tools that translate remote-sensing and infrastructure data into decision support for sustainable development planning. Focusing on Egypt, we update the national wind-energy suitability map using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a multi-criteria decision analysis framework. High-resolution spatial inputs—remote-sensing-derived land use/land cover and updated road and electrical-grid networks—are integrated and weighted across eight criteria using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicate that approximately 1.60% of Egypt's land area (≈ 15,985 km ² ) is highly suitable for wind development, 6.55% (≈ 65,594 km ² ) is moderately suitable, and 0.61% (≈ 6,117 km ² ) is of low suitability, while 91.25% (≈ 914,144 km ² ) is restricted under the imposed constraints, with priority zones concentrated along the Red Sea corridor. The spatial concentration of wind-suitable land supports a diversified renewable-energy strategy in which wind development is complemented by solar and other renewables aligned to national targets. The resulting suitability surface is a reproducible, national-scale screening layer that can help planners and investors shortlist corridors for pre-feasibility study, anticipate permitting buffers, and align grid reinforcement with high-quality resource areas. It is intended as a decision-support input that precedes, rather than replaces, site-specific feasibility, environmental impact and protected-area assessment, and on that basis it supports Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and Egypt’s Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy 2035 (ISES-2035).