The rise in population and housing mobility presents significant challenges for fostering social cohesion. This study, grounded in consistency theory, leverages survey data collected from various Tianjin regions and adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine the multilevel influence of public spaces, community facilities, and individual motivation on community participation intention (CPI). We assess regional variations and distinguish between public spaces and the accessibility and usability of service facilities. Logistic regression results reveal that (1) age, family type, community types, the usability of facilities, residents’ needs, and neighborhood attachment have significant effects on CPI; (2) residents’ requirements for education, healthcare, and elderly services are strongly correlated with CPI, and high-quality public spaces and facilities significantly increase place attachment; and (3) the usage of some facilities negatively affects CPI under the influence of contextual factors. The results indicate the relationship between the built environment and CPI. This research contributes to the theoretical framework linking community participation and person–environment fit (P–E fit). It provides evidence-based insights for policymakers to consider inclusive urban development in community renewal and grassroots governance.