The paper presents a dendroclimatic analysis of tree-ring chronologies of conifers (Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and deciduous (Betula pendula Roth., Populus balsamifera L.) tree species growing in natural, extrazonal landscapes of pine forest belts (ribbon forest) and natural–anthropogenic landscapes of shelter belts in the dry-steppe subzone of the south of western Siberia. The maximum annual growth was noted in poplars, and the minimum was noted in larches. The radial-growth tree series in shelter belt forests are characterized by the highest climatic sensitivity (the maximum values are noted for birch). The similarity of tree-ring series of birch and larch, which are most susceptible to water stress in dry steppe conditions, was noted. The significance of hydrothermal conditions in August–September of the previous year, as well as in May (for conifers) and mainly June (for deciduous) of the current year, has been established. A positive, statistically significant relationship was noted with precipitation, and an indicator of the area’s moisture content (with the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient) was associated with a negative temperature. For the chronologies of pine in natural ribbon forests, the contribution of the first component determines 80.6% of the variability of the series, which is greater than that for the chronologies of shelter belts. This indicates that there is a mixed, natural–anthropogenic signal in the annual tree rings in artificial forest plantations.

The results of the analysis of the relationship between the width of annual tree rings of various woody plants and snow cover characteristics are presented: the dates of setting-up and destruction (loss) of stable snow cover, the duration of its existence, the thickness and water content of snow cover for the period of maximum snow accumulation. The studied areas are the forest-tundra zone, the northern taiga subzone, the southern forest-steppe subzone, and the dry steppe subzone within boundaries of the West Siberian Plain. Data from observations of snow cover on routes and meteorological sites of Roshydromet for 1966-2020 (for forest tundra and northern taiga) and 1966-2018 (for forest-steppe and dry steppe) together with dendrochronological samples obtained by the authors in these natural zones and subzones were used for this study. It was found that the thickness and water content of the snow cover play greater role for the radial growth of trees in the forest-tundra and dry steppe as compared to the northern taiga and southern forest-steppe. In the dry steppe, the trees of the upper parts of the low ridges and flat interfluves (plakors) are more sensitive to these snow cover characteristics, while in the forest-tundra this is important for the lower parts of the slopes. The dates of destruction of stable snow cover are more significant in the southern regions than in the northern ones. In the southern forest-steppe, the early loss of the snow cover increases the rate of growth of tree rings, while in the dry steppe it weakens it. The dates of setting-up of the stable snow cover are more important for the growth of trees compared to the dates of its loss, especially in the forest-tundra and southern forest-steppe since the later it starts, the greater the growth of trees. Importance of the duration of the period with stable snow cover for tree growth is higher in the southern regions. Its increasing in the southern forest-steppe reduces the growth of trees but increases in the dry steppe.

The dependence of the width of annual rings of woody plants on the characteristics of the snow cover is analyzed in various natural zones of the West Siberian Plain and adjacent mountainous areas: the maximum depth and water reserve for the entire winter period and for individual months, the dates of disappearing, establishment, and duration of the occurrence of a stable snow cover. It has been shown that the role of the depth and water content of snow cover for the radial growth of trees is differentiated by geographical location. On the plain, it intensifies in the forest-tundra and dry steppe. The response of radial growth to snow cover in the upper and lower parts of the forest belt is often the opposite. Dates of establishment of stable snow cover are more important for tree growth compared to dates of disappearance. Dates of disappearance of stable snow cover are more significant in the southern regions than in the northern ones. The value of the duration of the period with stable snow cover for tree growth is higher in the southern regions.

Статья посвящена выявлению ландшафтных закономерностей расположения археологических памятников в Юго-Восточном Алтае с использованием ГИС и машинного обучения. На основе литературных источников, собственных полевых исследованиях авторов составлена информационная база данных археологических памятников Юго-Восточного Алтая. На основе геоинформационного анализа рельефа территории и имеющихся археологических данных созданы схемы распределения археологических объектов по некоторым ландшафтным признакам: абсолютной высоте; положению относительно водотоков; уклонам; экспозиции; интенсивности солнечной радиации за июнь; интенсивности солнечной радиации за декабрь. Полученные статистические закономерности распределения археологических памятников в ландшафтах Юго-Восточного Алтая явились основой для создания и верификации алгоритма модели машинного обучения – нейронной сети. По результатам составлена прогнозная карта расположения археологических объектов. Наибольшую вероятность обнаружения новых археологических объектов могут обеспечить следующие ландшафтные параметры, не далее, чем в 500-600 м от реки с крутизной склона до 4⁰, с высокой интенсивностью и летней (июнь) солнечной радиацией и с экспозицией склонов: южная, юго-восточная и западная. Неисследованные археологические объекты в Юго-Восточном Алтае наиболее вероятно расположены по долинам рек в среднем и нижнем течении, в местах слияния рек, по периферии межгорных котловин или на широких равнинных участках надпойменных террас речных долин. Полученные данные позволяют оценить вклад ландшафтных признаков в пространственном размещении культовых сооружений древних народов и предоставляют возможности для поиска новых археологических объектов. ландшафт, археологические памятники, геоинформационные системы, ЦМР, нейронная сеть, Юго-Восточный Алтай

The assessment of the maximum snow-water equivalent in mountains is important for understanding the mechanism of their formation, as well as for hydrological calculations. The low density of the observation network and the high complexity of ground-based snow-measuring operations have led to the widespread use of remote methods to obtain such data. In this study, the maximum water reserve of the Uba River basin was calculated for the period of 2020–2023, based on data from the Sentinel-2 satellite regarding the position of the seasonal snow line, obtained using the temperature-based melt-index method. This study determined the snowmelt coefficients for the meteorological stations at Zmeinogorsk, Shemonaikha, and Ridder. Maps were constructed to show the distribution of the maximum snow-water equivalent in the Uba River basin. The spatial differentiation features of the snow cover were revealed, depending on the elevation, slope exposure, and distance from the watersheds. It was established that the altitudinal distribution of snow cover on the northern and southern macro-slopes of the ridges is asymmetric: in the western part of the basin, within the elevation range of 500–1200 m, the maximum water reserves of snow cover are greater on the southern slopes, but they become higher on the northern slopes above 1200 m. In the eastern part of the basin, they are always larger on the northern slopes. The greatest differences in the distribution of snow cover between the slopes occur near the watersheds.