This paper provides an overview of the cleaning aspects of solar panels through a literature review. We first discuss the drawbacks of unwanted deposits on solar panels in terms of energy production and efficiency. Existing cleaning practices and technologies are then presented with an emphasis on factors such as the size of the facility, location, cost, and available resources. Finally, a comparative cost–benefit analysis is carried out using decision support tools and taking into account different relevant criteria to support users choose the right cleaning maintenance for their specific solar installation.

This paper provides a study on the development of solar energy, its prospects, and its impacts in Africa. Although the main focus is on technologies adopted for different uses (solar farms, mini-grids, off-grid, solar houses, irrigation, lighting, etc.), we also consider some aspects that increase the adoption of solar energy, such as legislation and business models. Finally, we will examine current and future solar projects managed by NGOs and international companies and how they benefit to leveraging social and economic standards, quality of life as well as capacity building in Africa. This study shows the plethoric interest of institutions outside Africa in the market of solar energy in the continent and that there is no African strategy to increase its independency toward a sustainable development particularly through energy transition.