Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) is a byproduct of the iron production process. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), used as a replacement admixture (0–40 wt.%) for ordinary Portland cement (OPC), on the setting time, the heat of hydration, and the mechanical properties of cement mortar. The influence of GGBFS as a replacement additive on the setting time shows that it has an accelerating effect on cement hydration. Calorimetric measurements were performed on the cement paste system to determine the effects of GGBFS on the hydration of OPC. Calorimetric measurements carried out show that the replacement of GGBFS in an amount up to 40 wt.% reduces the total heat of hydration by up to 26.36% compared to the reference specimen. The kinetic analysis performed on the calorimetric data confirms the role of GGBFS as an accelerator by shortening the time during which the process of nucleation and growth (NG), as the most active part of hydration, is reduced up to 2.5 h. The value of the Avrami–Erofee constant indicates polydispersity and heterogeneous crystallization. Mechanical tests of cement mortars were performed after 3, 7, 14, 28, 70, and 90 days of hydration and showed that replacement addition of GGBFS slightly reduced the mechanical properties in the early phase of hydration, while in the later phase of hydration it contributed to an increase in the mechanical properties.

The use of natural materials, such as natural fibres, in the construction industry is becoming more frequent. The source of natural fibres should be sought in local plants, such as Spanish Broom in the Mediterranean area. The fibre treatment process was carried out in 8 different ways with alkali 4%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15% NaOH solution, and 5% NaOH and 2% Na₂SO₃ mixture solution and seawater. The fibres were tested for tensile strength. No relationship was established between the concentration of the solution and the tensile strength of the fibres. The influence of the reuse of treatment solution on fibre quality was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ATR-FTIR, and TG/DTG analysis. Fibres with lengths of 1, 2, and 3 cm were added to cement mortar specimens in amounts of 0.5 and 1 vol%. The flexural and compressive strengths were tested on mortar specimens after 28 days. For fibres 1 and 3 cm long, 0.5% natural fibre content gives higher strength results: about 9% for flexural strength and 13.5% and 11.7% for compressive strength in regard to mortar reinforced with fibres of the same length but with a proportion of 1%. For mortar reinforced with fibre 2 cm long, better results are achieved with 1% fibre content, namely 9% higher flexural strength and 11.2% higher compressive strength compared to mortars with 0.5% fibre content. SEM/EDS analysis showed that the fibres are integrated into the cement matrix but that there is no strong interaction with the binder. For examination and 3D visualisation of mortar specimens, a medical device MSCT (Multi-slice Computed Tomography) was also used. For three consecutive years of Spanish Broom harvesting, an analysis of meteorological conditions and the results of the mechanical strength of reinforced mortars is given. For the examined years, the meteorological conditions did not affect the obtained results. Additional knowledge about the Spanish Broom fibres can introduce this plant to the application of new sustainable building materials.

Although electrocoagulation combined with zeolite (ECZ) shows higher efficiency in wastewater treatment, the actual contribution of zeolite particle size has not been fully explored. In this work, the influence of particle size of synthetic zeolite SZ (<90, 90–160, and 160–600 μm) on ECZ treatment of compost leachate with very high organic load is investigated together with different electrode materials (Fe, Al, and Zn), current densities (0.003, 0.009 and 0.018 A/cm²), and contact times (10, 20 and 30 min). The results positively highlight that the largest particle size should be used in ECZ, as it leads to a lower increase in pH and temperature, a higher decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity, and a lower electrode consumption, while causing more damage to the electrode surface. The estimated energy costs ranged from 3.960 kW/m³–1313.657 kW/m³. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal configuration showed the highest COD and turbidity decrease under the conditions of 160–600 µm zeolite particles. The powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD) analysis shows that interplanar spacing decreases when smaller and medium SZ particle sizes are used, while this effect was not observed with larger zeolite particle size. SEM-EDS shows that oxygen, silicon, and aluminium are the predominant elements in electrogenerated sludge coupled with zeolite.