Giant Stropharia (S. rugoso-annulata) is an edible mushroom recommended for consumption by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It possesses significant culinary and medicinal functionalities. The characteristics of this mushroom include high protein content, abundant bioactive compounds, delicious and sweet taste, and pleasant aroma. In recent years, the S. rugoso-annulata industry has seen strong growth, especially in China. This article presents the first comprehensive and systematic review of the nutritional, bioactive, and flavor components of S. rugoso-annulata, as well as their influencing factors. This article provides scientific evidence for the production of high-quality S. rugoso-annulata mushrooms, the extraction of bioactive components, post-harvest storage, and culinary processing, aiming to promote the consumption of S. rugoso-annulata and the health of consumers.

Plants produce mannans, which compose a class of polysaccharides with considerable potential for health-related applications. GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) plays a pivotal role in mannan biosynthesis by facilitating the formation of GDP-mannose. In this study, we identified the WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor DoWOX4 as a candidate protein that interacts with the DoGMP1 promoter in Dendrobium officinale through yeast one-hybrid library screening. We demonstrated that DoWOX4 directly binds to the DoGMP1 promoter and activates its expression. DoWOX4 overexpression significantly enhanced mannan biosynthesis, whereas silencing DoWOX4 inhibited this process. Furthermore, we found that the ethylene response factor 5 (DoERF5) binds to the DoWOX4 promoter in vitro. Subsequent analyses revealed that DoERF5 negatively regulates DoWOX4 and mannan biosynthesis. This study deepens our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing mannan biosynthesis in plants and provides valuable genetic resources for plant bio-breeding initiatives.

Dendrobium officinale, a valuable medicinal plant, contains bioactive mannan polysaccharides that exert significant health-promoting effects in humans and serve as key quality markers for D. officinale products. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying bioactive polysaccharide biosynthesis in plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified an anthocyanin-specific regulator, DoMYB75, as a key transcriptional activator of mannan polysaccharide biosynthesis in D. officinale. We demonstrated that DoMYB75 directly binds to the promoters of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A genes (DoCSLAs) and activate their expression. Genetic evidence showed that DoMYB75 silencing reduced mannose and glucose content of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPs) and downregulated DoCSLAs expression, whereas DoMYB75 overexpression significantly increased these monosaccharide levels and upregulated DoCSLAs expression. Interestingly, Ubi:DoMYB75 transgenic transformants exhibited enhanced anthocyanin accumulation. Further investigation revealed that DoMYB75 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by directly binding to and activating the DoANS promoter. Additionally, DoMYB75 overexpression markedly improved total antioxidant capacity and drought tolerance. Our findings provide novel insights into the dual regulatory role of MYB transcription factors in coordinating polysaccharide and anthocyanin biosynthesis, as well as the adaptive mechanisms of Dendrobium orchids under drought stress.