Resistance monitoring is essential in ensuring the success of insecticide based vector control programmes. This study was carried out to assess the susceptibility status of urban populations of Anopheles gambiae to carbamate insecticide being considered for vector control in mosquito populations previously reported to be resistant to DDT and permethrin.

PermaNet® 3.0 is an insecticide synergist-combination long-lasting insecticidal net designed to have increased efficacy against malaria vectors with metabolic resistance, even when combined with kdr. The current study reports on the impact of this improved tool on entomological indices in an area with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Nigeria.

Background: Timely entomological and insecticide resistance monitoring is a key to generating relevant data for vector management. We investigated the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in eight rural farming communities in Southern Gombe, Nigeria. Methods: Overall, 3–5 days-old adult female Anopheles mosquitoes reared from field-collected immature stages between September and November, 2014 were exposed to the diagnostic doses of pyrethroids, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides using the Center for Disease Control Bottle bioassay. The observatory knockdown time from exposure to each insecticide was recorded up to two hours. The dead mosquitoes were then identified morphological­ly and by molecular assays. Results: Mortality results showed resistance in An. gambiae s.l. populations to bendiocarb (2.3–100%), deltamethrin (39–70%), pirimiphos-methyl (65–95%), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (0–38.1%), permethrin (0–46.3%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (42.5–86.4%). The few cases of full susceptibility were observed from lamdacyhalothrin exposed population of An. gambiae s.l. in Banbam and Pantami respectively. An. gambiae 177 (45%) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than An. arabiensis 64 (16.3%), An. coluzzii 34 (8.7%) and An. gambiae/An. coluzzii hybrid 78 (19.8%). Conclusion: A strong evidence of widespread resistance in the major malaria vector species in Southern Gombe to all common classes of insecticides is a justification for the State Malaria Elimination Programme to consciously con­sider incorporating insecticide resistance management strategies into control programs in order to sustain the future of current control interventions

Studies implemented to evaluate the success of Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) distribution campaigns are often limited to ownership and utilization rates, neglecting other factors that directly affect the efficacy of the tool in malaria control. This study investigates sleeping habits and net maintenance behaviour in addition to LLIN ownership, utilization and the challenges associated with LLIN use among residents in Ilorin City where the tool has been massively distributed.

Objective: To examine malaria-related knowledge and practices among residents in Ilorin City\ud to guide forthcoming malaria elimination action of the recently restructured Nigerian National\ud Malaria Elimination Program.\ud Methods: Community-wide cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2012 using pretested\ud structured questionnaire and interview schedule to collect information on perception, prevention\ud and treatment of malaria among the residents.\ud Results: Majority of the respondents attributed malaria to mosquito bites and prevented the\ud disease through multiple means including the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (60%),\ud insecticide sprays (54%) and mosquito coils (48%) alternatively. All the respondents spraying\ud insecticides in the bedrooms shortly before bed time stayed outdoors during night hours. Fifty\ud three percent of the respondents treated the last malaria episode at the hospital/clinic, and the\ud remaining (47%) employed self-medication. Only 6.1% of those who engaged in self-medication\ud used artemisinin combination therapy drugs.\ud Conclusions: Combined use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and insecticide sprays call for\ud investigation of behavioural and physiological insecticide resistance in the mosquitoes present in\ud this area. Night time outdoor staying behaviour mandated by spraying of insecticides and possible\ud switch of the vectors to bite outdoor at early night hour also necessitate incorporation of outdoor\ud mosquito control into the malaria elimination plan for this locality. Likewise, observation of selfmedication in spite of high literacy levels implies that campaigns against such practice may not\ud yield the desired result unless quality healthcare service is made affordable and accessible to all