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Dr. Rob Roggema
Cittaideale

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0 Complexity
0 climate adaptation
0 Resilience and Sustainability
0 LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING
0 Urban agriculture and food systems

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Short Biography

Dr. ir. Rob Roggema is a landscape architect and director/founder of Cittaideale, Office for Adaptive Design and Planning, and distinguished visiting professor at Western Sydney University. Between 2010 and 2013, he was the inaugural visiting research fellow of the Victorian Centre for Climate Change Adaptation Research, University of Melbourne. From 2014 to 2016, he was appointed as Professor of Design for Urban Agriculture at VHL University, and between 2016 and 2018, he was Professor of Sustainable Urban Environments at the University of Technology Sydney. Before 2010, he worked for the province of Groningen and municipalities such as Almere, Breda, and Rotterdam. Rob is currently the series editor of ‘Contemporary Urban Design Thinking’ (Springer).

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Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Land
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To base urbanization on nature, inspiring ecologies are necessary. The concept of nature-based solutions (NBS) could be helpful in achieving this goal. State of the art urban planning starts from the aim to realize a (part of) a city, not to improve natural quality or increase biodiversity. The aim of this article is to introduce a planning approach that puts the ecological landscape first, before embedding urban development. This ambition is explored using three NBS frameworks as the input for a series of design workshops, which conceived a regional plan for the Western Sydney Parklands in Australia. From these frameworks, elements were derived at three abstraction levels as the input for the design process: envisioning a long-term future (scanning the opportunities), evaluating the benefits and disadvantages, and identifying a common direction for the design (determining directions), and implementing concrete spatial cross-cutting solutions (creating inspiring ecologies), ultimately resulting in a regional landscape-based plan. The findings of this research demonstrate that, at every abstraction, a specific outcome is found: a mapped ecological landscape showing the options for urbanization, formulating a food-forest strategy as the commonly found direction for the design, and a regional plan that builds from the landscape ecologies adding layers of productive ecologies and urban synergies. By using NBS-frameworks, the potentials of putting the ecological landscape first in the planning process is illuminated, and urbanization can become resilient and nature-inclusive. Future research should emphasize the balance that should be established between the NBS-frameworks and the design approach, as an overly technocratic and all-encompassing framework prevents the freedom of thought that is needed to come to fruitful design propositions.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe. Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies. Land 2021, 10, 651 .

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Nico Tillie, Greg Keeffe. Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies. Land. 2021; 10 (6):651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe. 2021. "Nature-Based Urbanization: Scan Opportunities, Determine Directions and Create Inspiring Ecologies." Land 10, no. 6: 651.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2021 in Urban Planning
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In this article a planning approach is proposed to accommodate different paces of urbanisation. Instead of responding to a single problem with a Pavlov-type of response, analysis shows that the transformational tempi of different urban landscapes require multiple deployment strategies to develop urban environments that are sustainable and resilient. The application of nature-based solutions, enhancing both human and natural health in cities, is used as the foundation for the design of deployment strategies that respond to different paces of urban change. The results show that urban characteristics, such as population density and built space is, partly, dependent on the underlying landscape characteristics, therefore show specific development pathways. To create liveable and sustainable urban areas that can deal holistically with a range of intertwined problems, specific deployment strategies should be used in each specific urban context. This benefits the city-precinct as a whole and at the local scale. Even small nature-based solutions, applied as the right deployment strategy in the right context, have profound impact as the starting point of a far-reaching urban transformation. The case-study for Oimachi in Japan illustrates how this planning approach can be applied, how the different urban rhythms are identified, and to which results this leads.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe; Wanglin Yan. Nature-Based Deployment Strategies for Multiple Paces of Change: The Case of Oimachi, Japan. Urban Planning 2021, 6, 143 -161.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Nico Tillie, Greg Keeffe, Wanglin Yan. Nature-Based Deployment Strategies for Multiple Paces of Change: The Case of Oimachi, Japan. Urban Planning. 2021; 6 (2):143-161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Greg Keeffe; Wanglin Yan. 2021. "Nature-Based Deployment Strategies for Multiple Paces of Change: The Case of Oimachi, Japan." Urban Planning 6, no. 2: 143-161.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2021 in Sustainability
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Global climate change impacts the future of urbanism. The future is increasingly uncertain, and current responses in urban planning practice are often human-centered. In general, this is a way to respond to change that is oriented towards improving the life of people in the short term, often extracting resources from the environment at dangerous levels. This impacts the entire ecological system, and turns out to be negative for biodiversity, resilience, and, ultimately, human life as well. Adaptation to climatic impacts requires a long-term perspective based in the understanding of nature. The objective of the presented research is to find explorative ways to respond to the unknown unknowns through designing and planning holistically for the Zernike campus in Groningen, the Netherlands. The methods used in this study comprise co-creative design-led approaches which are capable of integrating sectoral problems into a visionary future plan. The research findings show how embracing a nature-driven perspective to urban design increases the adaptive capacity, the ecological diversity, and the range of healthy food grown on a university campus. This study responds to questions of food safety, and growing conditions, of which the water availability is the most pressing. Considering the spatial concept, this has led to the necessity to establish a novel water connection between the site and the sea.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. From Nature-Based to Nature-Driven: Landscape First for the Design of Moeder Zernike in Groningen. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2368 .

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. From Nature-Based to Nature-Driven: Landscape First for the Design of Moeder Zernike in Groningen. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2021. "From Nature-Based to Nature-Driven: Landscape First for the Design of Moeder Zernike in Groningen." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2368.

Journal article
Published: 04 February 2021 in Land
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In the Anthropocene, climate impacts are expected to fundamentally change the way we live in, and plan and design for, our cities and landscapes. Long-term change and uncertainty require a long view, while current planning approaches and policy making are mostly short-term oriented and are therefore not well suited to respond adequately. The path-dependency it implies causes an irresolvable dilemma between short-term effect and long-term necessities. The objective of the research is to investigate an alternative planning and design approach which is able to overcome the current constraints and take a holistic long-term perspective. Therefore, the methods used in the study underpin a creative process of future visioning through backcasting and finding a dynamic equilibrium in the past as a primer for long-term climate adaptation. This way, the individual vulnerabilities of current sectoral policies can be leapfrogged and integrated into one intervention. This design-led method is applied to the northern landscape of the Groningen region in the Netherlands. This intervention is positioned as a re-dynamization of the landscape by re-establishing the exchange between the land and the sea. The findings in the study show that a long-term perspective on the future of the regional landscape increases climate adaptation and enriches the opportunities for viable agriculture, increased biodiversity, and a raised land that is not only protected against possible storm surges, but benefits from the sediments the sea brings. The economic analysis shows that a new perspective for farming within saline conditions is profitable on a fraction of the land, the biodiversity can be enriched by more than 75%, and the ground level of the landscape can be raised by one meter or more in the next 50–100 years. Moreover, the study shows how a long-term perspective can be implemented in logic stages that comply with the natural step-changes occurring in climate change.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Matthijs Hollanders. Designing the Adaptive Landscape: Leapfrogging Stacked Vulnerabilities. Land 2021, 10, 158 .

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Nico Tillie, Matthijs Hollanders. Designing the Adaptive Landscape: Leapfrogging Stacked Vulnerabilities. Land. 2021; 10 (2):158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Nico Tillie; Matthijs Hollanders. 2021. "Designing the Adaptive Landscape: Leapfrogging Stacked Vulnerabilities." Land 10, no. 2: 158.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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The current state of supplying food, energy and water to urban dwellers is often top-down organised and approached in a sectoral way. This means people in cities have lost connection to what and how they get their resources supplied. The implementation of food, energy and water systems is a siloed exercise and systems operate apart from each other. The solutions are found at an ever-increasing technological complexity and scale and are not easy to understand for consumers. This makes it hardly possible for them to decide on interventions, change the supply if they would want to or take integrated action on more than one of the pillars by themselves. Finally, the approach is laced with jargon, paperwork and technical drawings, but little inspiration or design-oriented practices. This has led to an unsustainable situation of resource depletion, pollution and the passing on of problems to other places or generations. The Moveable Nexus is introduced as a way to integrate the flows of food, energy and water in a design-led way in order to overcome these systemic misfits and to develop resilient systems that are agile enough to deal with future change and uncertainty. By connecting engagement and evaluation directly to the design steps the Moveable Nexus solves problems at the lowest scale possible, supported by urban dwellers and in an inspirational way. The Nexus is moveable in the sense it allows flows to merge, scales to connect, the process to be collated and knowledge to flow freely.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan; Greg Keeffe. A Moveable Nexus: Framework for FEW-Design and Planning. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 9 -37.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Wanglin Yan, Greg Keeffe. A Moveable Nexus: Framework for FEW-Design and Planning. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():9-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan; Greg Keeffe. 2021. "A Moveable Nexus: Framework for FEW-Design and Planning." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 9-37.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Current practice is often isolating a problem and aims to solve that single problem. This often results in suboptimal solutions that do not create a visionary attractive future. Moreover, this approach is often leading to negative impacts on other sectors, problems of urban areas. Especially in the field of the FEW-Nexus this is the case. Where the energy problem seems to be tackled, it simultaneously causes problems in the water or food sectors. This calls for an alternative methodology. The Moveable Nexus proposes a design-led methodology through which interlinkages between all aspects of the FEW-Nexus are connected with spatial transformations in urban environments. Design not only connects the dots, but it also is able to envision a new future, a world that is not yet known. In this sense, due to its non-linear characteristics, design is magical. In this chapter the design-led methodology is presented making a close connection between spatial transformations, engagement of stakeholders and citizens and the evaluation of how an area performs. At the same time a connection is established between the, often segregated aspects in the process being creating a strict planned framework of working and the freedom for a creative mind to emerge during the process. The design methodology is described as a process in three phases: exploration, iteration and representation, each with their own characteristics and specified steps. It offers a practical guide to including complexity in designing for urban metabolism in cities.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. M-NEX Methodology: A Design-Led Approach to the FEW-Nexus. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 39 -56.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. M-NEX Methodology: A Design-Led Approach to the FEW-Nexus. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():39-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2021. "M-NEX Methodology: A Design-Led Approach to the FEW-Nexus." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 39-56.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Current urbanisation is leading to an extraordinary depletion of resources, degraded landscapes, severe health implications for urban residents and pollution of air, water and soil. This way of urban development is driven by landownership and maximisation of profits for only a small group in society. The majority of the people have to bear the consequences. In this chapter an alternative approach is presented and applied to the case of Western Sydney. The alternative way of planning for urban development uses the FEW-Nexus as the entrance point for urbanism in five subsequent steps, form analysis to local design. It starts with understanding the size and working of urban flows of food, energy and water, and their waste implications in Sydney and Australia. This knowledge is then used to redesign the FEW-systems in an interconnected way for the local context of Western Sydney. Once the coherent systemic relationships are conceptualised the major challenges for design are translated into five holistic design principles for the Purifying City, the Hyperlocalised City, The Indigenous City, The ReciproCity and the Inclusive City. These coherent future city models are then used to build hypothetical scenarios for the Western Sydney Parklands. These explorations are finally designed at a detailed level for specific locations within the site at multiple scales. The approach illustrates benefits of the alternative way of developing the city by creating attractive and healthy urban environments.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Stewart Monti. Nature Driven Planning for the FEW-Nexus in Western Sydney. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 59 -94.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Stewart Monti. Nature Driven Planning for the FEW-Nexus in Western Sydney. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():59-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Stewart Monti. 2021. "Nature Driven Planning for the FEW-Nexus in Western Sydney." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 59-94.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Thinking about the future city the way food-energy-water generation, distribution and supply is organised may well make a difference for urban dwellers’ quality of life. The urban context is unprecedented and cannot be predicted very well. When uncertainties increase the demand for simple responses seems to be the preferred way of treatment. This is however an implicit flaw because when the complexity of the problems is getting higher the responses can no longer be simple. Responding as if the city is stable while it is increasingly dynamic would only bring fake solutions that last for a short time. The opposite is the way forward: when problems are wicked, self-organising processes and responses that do not bring definite solutions are preferable as they can adjust themselves should the problem change along the way. For FEW-nexuses this implies that a moveable approach, in which the solutions are flexible, and benefit from all other components in the system, will decrease uncertainty, in particular on the longer term. In this context a design-led approach is extremely useful, as it is able to create something out of nothing that was before, presenting opportunities to be continuously adaptive. As a city, as a landscape and as a society.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan. The Moveable Nexus, Transforming Thinking on Cities. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 3 -8.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Wanglin Yan. The Moveable Nexus, Transforming Thinking on Cities. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():3-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan. 2021. "The Moveable Nexus, Transforming Thinking on Cities." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 3-8.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Disruptive change is often seen as a risk to many regions around the world. Uncertainty around the future, unprecedented events and a general belief in the past induces this problematic situation. Almost everywhere this problem is tackled with traditional planning approaches. In many cases this does not lead to satisfying solutions but offer solace only for the short-term. When a longer time horizon is taken into account, subsequent policies increase risks and decrease the quality of the land. Especially when uncertainties increase transformational planning approaches should be applied. In the Groningen region incremental planning has led to an increased vulnerability of population, nature and the land. People no longer trust their governments. At the same time, policies and people’s ideas in Groningen focus on the short term and minimal uncertainties. This discrepancy can only be overcome with a creative, design-led process, in which a positive future can be envisioned, and the alternative projects are conceived as the new points of departure for a development process towards that desired future. In Groningen building with nature of the Wadden sea in combination with growing healthy food locally establishes the first novel ideas to start this process.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Le Fouture de Groningen; Towards Transformational Food-Positive Landscapes. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 145 -169.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Le Fouture de Groningen; Towards Transformational Food-Positive Landscapes. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():145-169.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2021. "Le Fouture de Groningen; Towards Transformational Food-Positive Landscapes." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 145-169.

Chapter
Published: 28 January 2021 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Research on urban flows is often limited to technical-rational understanding of the quantity of flows and, at best, the negative impact of their uses. In the M-Nex project an approach is proposed to shift the mindset from a sectoral way of looking that is aimed at efficiency towards a creative and adaptive planning process that is open to transformative ideas. These concepts are needed to deal with future uncertainties and the unknown unknowns of the future. Top-down planning is no longer feasible and should be replaced by a generative and inclusive process, able to create ecological systemic steps towards fundamental resilient and sustainable urban environments. The future is moving, research agenda’s should be moving too, adopting a working attitude that is capable of anticipating what cannot be known, is not readily understood, and asks for radical solutions.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan; Greg Keeffe. TransFEWmotion: Designing Urban Metabolism as an M-NEX. Designing Sustainable Cities 2021, 327 -332.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema, Wanglin Yan, Greg Keeffe. TransFEWmotion: Designing Urban Metabolism as an M-NEX. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2021; ():327-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema; Wanglin Yan; Greg Keeffe. 2021. "TransFEWmotion: Designing Urban Metabolism as an M-NEX." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 327-332.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2020 in World
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The current paradigm for planning an energy transition is often embedded in practices within the existing political and societal regime. Within this paradigm, a genuine transformation to a fully fossil-free future is often not achieved. Thus, the problem is that in order to arrive at such a newly conceived future, the concepts and solutions created need to be fundamentally different from practices in recent past and present. At the same time, the community is not prepared for big changes, and the unknown future is experienced as uncertain and undesirable. These two mechanisms perpetuate current practices and prevent a new future from emerging. In this article, we will demonstrate how these two movements can be connected to disrupt incremental and path-dependent development, allowing people to become visionary and co-design a transformative future with innovative concepts. The Dutch Groningen region is used as an illustrative example for realising fundamental shifts supported by a bottom-up engagement process.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Planning for the Energy Transition and How to Overcome the Misfits of Current Paradigm. World 2020, 1, 264 -282.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Planning for the Energy Transition and How to Overcome the Misfits of Current Paradigm. World. 2020; 1 (3):264-282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2020. "Planning for the Energy Transition and How to Overcome the Misfits of Current Paradigm." World 1, no. 3: 264-282.

Chapter
Published: 20 November 2020 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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The future of the sustainable city is under pressure. The term sustainability has eroded over the years, meaning to sustain current lifestyles more than preserving the ability of future generations to fulfill their needs. The fact that many business, consultancies, governments and people in general strive for a sustainable development is, in itself a good thing. However, it also means that the term has become so general that it loses its meaning. This gives rise to rethinking what is currently needed to develop cities in a way the people living in those cities will be able to continue living their lives in a somewhat pleasant way. Instead of digging deeper and creating ever more advanced sustainability systems, new avenues need to be explored. Three overlapping waves emerge, sustainability, reciprocity and radicality will be explored in this chapter and are seen to replace traditional sustainability thinking.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Sustainability, ReciproCity, Radicality. Designing Sustainable Cities 2020, 199 -204.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Sustainability, ReciproCity, Radicality. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2020; ():199-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2020. "Sustainability, ReciproCity, Radicality." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 199-204.

Chapter
Published: 20 November 2020 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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For designing the sustainable city the question should be asked what real sustainability knowledge is and how we can be certain the claimed sustainable outcomes are really sustainable? Do we really know if the exact or highest achievable level of an insulation factor for a building delivers a sustainable outcome, for instance for the happiness of the people that live or work in that building? Does it also tell us if we are, by insulating this way enrich biodiversity or have a positive impact on clean water resources? How can we know we are right when we have ‘proven’ only one aspect of the entire spectrum? At the same time, when we keep on investigating only smallest additions to former research, it not only brings us path-dependency, it also leads to apathy in an endless wait for the final truth. It prevents us from learning from mistakes, trying out solutions that have never before been tried out, but which might deliver the required way out of the complex and unprecedented future problems we do not even know of. This requires execution of solutions, which might fail, we then learn from them and subsequently increase our understanding how integrated approaches to sustainability can be successful, and even more so anticipate a radical changing future ahead of us. Instead, by constantly repeating previous research, we have now ended up in a stand-still, waiting for final judgements the solution being sustainable or not……

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Designing the Sustainable City. Designing Sustainable Cities 2020, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Designing the Sustainable City. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2020; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2020. "Designing the Sustainable City." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 1-16.

Chapter
Published: 12 May 2020 in Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings
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Quality of Life (QoL) is a concept which can be evaluated in urban environments through consideration of social, physical, environmental, and economic indicators. The strategy of a high- density building typology, including the need to expand vertical public space as a by-product of this urban planning, also implying rise in the number of urban residents, has gained popularity in Iran. Housing and the way it is shaped is influencing the Quality of Life. The present study depicts an analytical and comparative assessment of the Quality of Life as an attribute of sustainability in the Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex, Firooze residential complex, and the Eastern part of the Goharshad neighborhood in Mashhad, Iran. Quality of Life is seen as an integrated way to describe the experienced quality of the resident’s direct environment. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology. Correlations among variables and step-wise regression analysis are the statistical methods used. The overall population consists of 7033 people, of whom 370 are selected as agents in the investigation. As indicators of the Quality of Life in this research, physical, social, and environmental aspects were used and are measured using sub-indicators pertaining to environmental quality, hygiene, access to recreational spaces, access to educational facilities, security, physical belonging, social solidarity, collaboration, access to daily facilities, and housing and infrastructure. The Quality of Life scores revealed that the average score of QoL in Sheshsad Dastgah (SD) is 4.17, while it is 3.46 in Firooze (F) and 2.88 in Goharshad East (GE), where 5 is the highest possible and 1 is the lowest possible score. Hence, the overall quality of life in Sheshsad Dastgah is closer to the ideal situation. The conclusion drawn from the three cases studied in this research, is that medium high-density building with a rich amount of green spaces (Sheshsad Dastgah) has a positive effect on improving the residents’ Quality of Life rather than a villa pattern of residence (Goharshad East) or a more concentrated high-rise urban fabric without abundant green spaces (Firooze).

ACS Style

Fereshteh Moradi; Rob Roggema. Density and Quality of Life in Mashhad, Iran. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings 2020, 99 -131.

AMA Style

Fereshteh Moradi, Rob Roggema. Density and Quality of Life in Mashhad, Iran. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings. 2020; ():99-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fereshteh Moradi; Rob Roggema. 2020. "Density and Quality of Life in Mashhad, Iran." Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings , no. : 99-131.

Chapter
Published: 12 May 2020 in Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings
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The Smart and Sustainable Built Environment conference 2018 is lucky to have had a large response of high-quality papers which have been presented at the conference in December 2018 in Sydney. Out of the presented papers and discussions it was clear that the traditional group of academics, interested in technologies, buildings and modelling indoor climates and energy performances is now balanced with a growing group interested in the sustainability and smartness of how to plan and design our cities and neighbourhoods. Though it has always been the ambition of SASBE it is good to see this development continuing and leading to a real broad academic community.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Introduction. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings 2020, 3 -4.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Introduction. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings. 2020; ():3-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2020. "Introduction." Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings , no. : 3-4.

Chapter
Published: 12 May 2020 in Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings
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In the current academic discourse, there seems to be a dichotomy between smart and sustainable in the built environment. It is treated as separate research fields incidentally connected and the question is how to these worlds could be brought together. In this introductory chapter the proposition is to link smart and sustainable through design, people and data. After reviewing current literature, a Smart Urban Model is presented in which the four components of a smart and sustainable city are an equal part: smart, sustainable, spatial and human. In six examples, one from Sydney, Australia and five from the province of Groningen, the Netherlands, the new model is illustrated. This chapter must be seen as a first start of the discussion only and does not pretend to present the final version of the magical trick to integrate smart and sustainable. It requires further conversations, exploratory research and user-led design processes to experiment with real projects and cities in order to make school and identify what successful smart and sustainable cities can be.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Towards Integration of Smart and Sustainable Cities. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings 2020, 5 -23.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Towards Integration of Smart and Sustainable Cities. Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings. 2020; ():5-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2020. "Towards Integration of Smart and Sustainable Cities." Smart and Sustainable Cities and Buildings , no. : 5-23.

Earlycite article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Smart and Sustainable Built Environment
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Purpose With future (extreme) change ahead of us, there are many serious problems humankind has to face. The pace of mitigating climate change through an energy transition to renewables is slow, global mean temperature is increasing and sea level seems to rise at an accelerated pace. This puts many livelihoods at risk and communities have to face an uncertain future. Therefore, continuing the way contemporary cities are developing and developed is not an option. The new normal should also be reflected in urbanism. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the answer to this question is sought in understanding traditional attitudes to living and their relation to the land. How these cultures have been capable of coping with disruptions lies in the way their mental paradigm respects their environment. A more resilient future can be achieved when the traditional values of the relation of societies with the land they live on are considered important and indigenous knowledge and perspectives are used to design cities. Findings Current society seems to have forgotten what it means and how to put into practice sharing resources and space, giving back more to the environment than used to live. Also, mankind seems to be lacking the ability to move and search for the potentials where to live. Furthermore, choosing to live in safe places, hence being less vulnerable for disruptions, is a principle that has long been neglected. These characteristics of traditional cultures are translated in four principles that are valuable in design processes: first, making use of the energy and power a disaster might bring and turning it into an advantage; second, using imagination to anticipate an unknown future; third, accommodating all paces of urban change; and fourth, designing redundancy for flexibility. The use of these principles is illustrated in three Sydney-based examples. Originality/value The link between indigenous knowledge and current urban design practice is new.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Towards sustainable cities: about redundancy, voids and the potentials of the land. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 2019, 9, 283 -306.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Towards sustainable cities: about redundancy, voids and the potentials of the land. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. 2019; 9 (3):283-306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2019. "Towards sustainable cities: about redundancy, voids and the potentials of the land." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 3: 283-306.

Chapter
Published: 04 October 2019 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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In this chapter we move back in time, to when it was not an usance to base our city designs on the natural systems of water and ecology. By the end of the 1980s the dogma of separation of functions, and dividing the city in areas for working, living, leisure and traffic was slowly abandoned and especially the focus on the traffic system, more in particular the car, was leading to uproar. In this timeframe an alternative to apply the principles of nature in urban design was very new and, in the beginning, needed to be conquered on the traditionalists who would pertain using their old-school design standards. In this chapter the development story of Westerpark, and Heilaar-Steenakker is presented. This area in the western outskirts of the city of Breda, in the south of the Netherlands, was one of the first, maybe even the first to use knowledge about the water system, ecological typologies and nature as the basis for urban planning. This article starts with a description in sections two and three of the policy context at national level to illustrate the momentum of change from rationalism towards ecological planning. In section four the policy context in Breda in the early nineties is presented as the context within which the planning of Heilaar-Steenakker (Sect. 8.5) and Westerpark (Sect. 8.6) could be based in a strong sense of the natural processes of ecology and water that formed the landscape in history.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Urbanism on Water and Ecology: The Early Example of Westerpark, Breda. Designing Sustainable Cities 2019, 155 -174.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Urbanism on Water and Ecology: The Early Example of Westerpark, Breda. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2019; ():155-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2019. "Urbanism on Water and Ecology: The Early Example of Westerpark, Breda." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 155-174.

Chapter
Published: 04 October 2019 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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Current urban design and urban planning aim to facilitate global, regional and local urbanization programs. This implies most of the planning documents give room to the types of land use that seem to require space ‘here and now’. The amount of new housing, office and other industrial and commercial space, accompanying amounts of parking lots and the necessity of new transportation routes, infrastructure and corridors are the main topics in the majority of future oriented plans. This is what is called ‘fast urbanism’ ((Roggema, R., Special Issue Urban Planning 6:946-956, October 2015)). It is the natural preferred habit of planners, decision-makers and politicians, and many developers, economists and municipal land departments. It seems as if this way of future planning brings the highest revenues, and this may be true, on the short term and for only a limited part of involved groups in the city. The impact of this way of planning the city has negative consequences for our health in general (see Roggema, this volume, Chap. 5; Han and Keeffe, this volume, Chap. 4; Monti, this volume, Chap. 11), and more specifically the quality of nature and biodiversity in our urban and natural environments (Birtles, this volume, Chap. 10; Tillie, this volume, Chap. 6; Monti, this volume, Chap. 11; Backes et al., this volume, Chap. 3; Sijmons, this volume, Chap. 2). One way of coping with the effects is to ‘repair’ the damage after the city has been built. Aiming to increase the quality of small green spaces (Veldman, this volume, Chap. 13; Casagrande, this volume, Chap. 7), add temporary nature (Backes et al., this volume, Chap. 3), or greening buildings (Bosse, this volume, Chap. 15), could help to prevent the largest impacts of fast urbanism. However, this will always be a solution that repairs, or greenwashes urbanization that has neglected the natural systems in the first place.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. The Future of Nature-driven Urbanism. Designing Sustainable Cities 2019, 331 -334.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. The Future of Nature-driven Urbanism. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2019; ():331-334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2019. "The Future of Nature-driven Urbanism." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 331-334.

Chapter
Published: 04 October 2019 in Designing Sustainable Cities
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The city is nature. In many ways this bold statement can be contested, but at the same time wildlife is so abundant Rotterdam is called a wilderness park (Reumer, Wildpark Rotterdam. De stad als natuurgebied. Historische Uitgeverij, Groningen, 2014). One can discuss whether this is true or not, but more interesting is to see the city as a piece of nature, and as such undertake the actions to develop it further. In a city nature should not be treated as something worth to preserve, after all such unique nature can hardly be found inside urban contexts, rather something to increase, enrich and make more resilient.

ACS Style

Rob Roggema. Nature-Driven Urbanism. Designing Sustainable Cities 2019, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Rob Roggema. Nature-Driven Urbanism. Designing Sustainable Cities. 2019; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rob Roggema. 2019. "Nature-Driven Urbanism." Designing Sustainable Cities , no. : 1-8.