This study aims to analyze iron deficiency on the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in the Kepahiang district in 2021. The method used is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The research sample was 100 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters who were taken randomly from 14 working areas of the Public Health Center in Kepahiang Regency. The data obtained were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed that the number of pregnant women with abnormal iron deficiency experienced anemia as much as 97.8% and pregnant women with normal iron deficiency experienced anemia as much as 77.8%. The statistical test results obtained a p-value of 0.008 and a PR of 12.857. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between iron deficiency and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in Kepahiang Regency in 2021. Keywords: Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Pregnant Women

BACKGROUND: Memory function disorder is a major health problem in geriatric patients. Physical exercise has the potency to decrease the incidence of many degenerative and chronic health problem, related to cognitive deterioration (dementia). AIM: This research aimed to observe the effect of physical exercise in various doses and duration on memory function by analysing the role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a regulatory protein affected by exercise. METHODS: This was an analytical observational study with a cohort design. Thirty participants were included in each group, classified as exercise and non-exercise group. The exercise was in the form of jogging for at least fifteen minutes every day. The observation was done for sixty days. Cognitive function assessment was done by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire. Meanwhile, the BDNF level was assessed by ELISA. Statistical analysis was done using Independent T-test. RESULTS: Exercise group showed better MMSE score (28.56 ± 1.76), and a higher concentration of BDNF (235.34 ± 12.56 pg/mL), both were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise was able to maintain geriatric cognitive function performance by BDNF protein regulation.

BACKGROUND: Depression is very common in the elderly population. Physical exercise is one of the non-pharmacological procedures that promise to be a solution to improve the severity of depression. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plays a role in maintaining the survival of neuronal cells and in the regulation of synapse plasticity, affecting serotonin production in the hippocampus and thus the depressive symptoms. AIM: This study aimed to assess the role of physical exercise in affecting BDNF levels in elderly with depression. METHODS: Thirty-five elderly women (age ≥ 50 years) with depressive episodes based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V criteria were enrolled as treatment group, and 35 elderly women without depressive episodes were enrolled as control group, and underwent physical exercise in the form of treadmill with a speed of 6 km/h for 15 minutes. Physical exercise was carried out once a day for 28 days. As much as 1 ml of blood from the study, subjects were obtained from the cubital vein before the exercise commenced. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) serum level was assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data were presented in the form of mean ± SD. An independent T-test was used to test levels after exercise in the depression group compared to the non-depression group. RESULTS: Pre-exercise BDNF levels in the depression group were lower than the group of elderly without depression. Physical exercise increased BDNF production in both elderly groups with and without depression. In the depression group, the increasing percentage of BDNF level was higher compared to non-depressive elderly. CONCLUSION: The increasing percentage of BDNF level was found to be higher in depressive elderly performing physical exercise. Physical exercise may be beneficial in supporting the therapy of elderly with depression.

This study aims to describe the iron profile of pregnant women at risky ages in the Kepahiang District. The method used is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The research sample was 100 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters randomly from 14 working areas of the Public Health Center in Kepahiang Regency. Determination of anemia and iron deficiency status is carried out based on blood sampling to measure hemoglobin levels and serum iron levels. The results showed that most of the respondents (55%) were at risky age and almost all (75%) had anemia and as many as 51 respondents had iron deficiency. The bivariate analysis results obtained a value of p = 0.049 and PR = 2.820 for the relationship between age and the incidence of anemia and p = 0.003 and PR = 3.789 for the relationship between age and the incidence of iron deficiency. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between age and the incidence of anemia and between age and iron deficiency in pregnant women in Kepahiang Regency. Keywords: Anemia, Deficiency, Pregnant Women, Age, Iron

BACKGROUND Physical exercise is strongly associated with the release of β-endorphin. It is assumed that the type and intensity of physical exercise contributes to the release of β-endorphin. This study aimed to compare levels of β-endorphin in brain tissue in response to aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise. METHODS This study was an experimental laboratory study using 35 male Wistar rats divided into one control group and two physical exercise treatment groups: aerobic and anaerobic. Physical exercise was conducted on an animal treadmill running at aspeed of 20 m/min for 30 min of aerobic exercise and 35 m/min with 1-min intervals every 5 min for 20 min for anaerobic exercises. Each aerobic and anaerobic exercise group was furtherly classified into three subgroups (1×/week, 3×/week, and 7×/week). β-endorphin levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The highest mean of β-endorphin level was found in the weekly exercise (54.45 [1.41] pg/ml) of aerobic exercise group and daily exercise (70.50 [11.67] pg/ml) of anaerobic exercise group. Mean of β-endorphin level in control group was 33.34 (3.54) pg/ml. A significant increased of β-endorphin mean level (p<0.001) was found in all aerobic and anaerobic exercise groups except the aerobic exercise 7×/week group (37.37 [6.30] pg/ml) compared to control. CONCLUSIONS Both aerobic and anaerobic physical exercise conducted for 6 weeks could increase the level of β-endorphin in brain tissue.