Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) is the precursor of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), such as resolvin, protectin, and maresin families which have been considered therapeutic bioactive compounds for human health. Growing evidence indicates that DHA and SPMs are beneficial strategies in the amelioration, regulation, and duration of inflammatory processes through different biological actions. The present review discusses the reported therapeutic benefits of SPMs on various diseases and their potential clinical applications.

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation on maternal and offspring health, focusing on behavioral, metabolic, and fatty acid composition outcomes in a rat model. Methods: Twelve female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a control diet, CD (n = 6), or HFD (n = 6) for 12 weeks, encompassing mating, gestation, and lactation periods (18 weeks). Anxiety-like behavior, maternal behavior, depression-like behavior, and social play were studied. Post mortem, the liver function, hepatic steatosis, and fatty acid composition (erythrocytes, liver, adipose tissue) were evaluated. In regard to desaturase enzymes (Δ-6D and Δ-5D), liver activity, protein mass, and gene expression (RT-PCR) were analyzed. Additionally, gene expression of PPAR-α, ACOX, CPT1-α, SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, mean ± SD (p < 0.05). Results: The HFD significantly increased maternal weight and anxiety-like behavior while reducing social interactions exclusively in male offspring (p < 0.05). It also led to a significant decrease in the synthesis and content of n-3 PUFAs in the analyzed tissues, induced hepatic steatosis, and upregulated the expression of pro-lipogenic genes in the maternal liver. Conclusions: These findings suggest that long-term HFD consumption alters tissue fatty acid composition, disrupts metabolic homeostasis, and contributes to behavioral changes, increasing anxiety-like behaviors in pregnant dams and reducing social interactions in male offspring. Overall, this study provides further insight into the detrimental effects of HFD consumption during the perinatal period.