The Mpox virus (MPXV) is known to cause zoonotic disease in humans. The virus belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus, of the family Poxviridae, and was first reported in monkeys in 1959 in Denmark and in humans in 1970 in the Congo. MPXV first appeared in the U.S. in 2003, re-emerged in 2017, and spread globally within a few years. Wild African rodents are thought to be the reservoir of MPXV. The exotic trade of animals and international travel can contribute to the spread of the Mpox virus. A phylogenetic analysis of MPXV revealed two distinct clades (Central African clade and West African clade). The smallpox vaccine shows cross-protection against MPXV infections in humans. Those who have not previously been exposed to Orthopoxvirus infections are more vulnerable to MPXV infections. Clinical manifestations in humans include fever, muscle pain, headache, and vesicle formation on the skin of infected individuals. Pathognomonic lesions include ballooning degenerations with Guarnieri-like inclusions in vesicular epithelial cells. Alterations in viral genome through genetic mutations might favor the re-emergence of a version of MPXV with enhanced virulence. As of November 2023, 92,783 cases and 171 deaths have been reported in 116 countries, representing a global public health concern. Here, we provide insights on the re-emergence of MPXV in humans. This review covers the origin, emergence, re-emergence, transmission, pathology, diagnosis, control measures, and immunomodulation of the virus, as well as clinical manifestations. Concerted efforts of health professionals and scientists are needed to prevent the disease and stop its transmission in vulnerable populations.

Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens of dogs of all ages, causing pandemic infections that are characterized by fatal hemorrhagic enteritis. The CPV-2 vaccine is recommended as a core vaccine for pet animals. Despite the intensive practice of active immunization, CPV-2 remains a global threat. In this study, a multi-epitope vaccine against CPV-2 was designed, targeting the highly conserved capsid protein (VP2) via in silico approaches. Several immunoinformatics methods, such as epitope screening, molecular docking, and simulation were used to design a potential vaccine construct. The partial protein sequences of the VP2 gene of CPV-2 and protein sequences retrieved from the NCBI were screened to predict highly antigenic proteins through antigenicity, trans-membrane-topology screening, an allergenicity assessment, and a toxicity analysis. Homologous VP2 protein sequences typically linked to the disease were identified using NCBI BLAST, in which four conserved regions were preferred. Overall, 10 epitopes, DPIGGKTGI, KEFDTDLKP, GTDPDDVQ, GGTNFGYIG, GTFYFDCKP, NRALGLPP, SGTPTN, LGLPPFLNSL, IGGKTG, and VPPVYPN, were selected from the conserved regions to design the vaccine construct. The molecular docking demonstrated the higher binding affinity of these epitopes with dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) molecules. The selected epitopes were linked with Salmonella enterica flagellin FliC adjuvants, along with the PADRE sequence, by GGS linkers to construct a vaccine candidate with 272 nucleotides. The codon adaptation and in silico cloning showed that the generated vaccine can be expressed by the E. coli strain, K12, and the sequence of the vaccine construct showed no similarities with dog protein. Our results suggest that the vaccine construct might be useful in preventing canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) in dogs. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed for the validation of the vaccine candidate.

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, prevention practices (KAP) among the garment factory workers population in Bangladesh that suffered a historical dengue outbreak in 2019. A total of 400 participants were selected by simple random sampling and questionnaire‐based interviews were conducted. The average score of knowledge, attitude, and prevention practice were 8.33±2.35, 6.32±1.20, 6.31±1.50 respectively. Only 76 out of 400 participants (19%) scored above 10 (all university‐educated). Participant workers reported both negative and positive attitudes regarding dengue fever (DF). Negative attitudes included an expectation of increased mortality and strained family finances from DF attacks. A significantly high number of participants (92%) believed that death from DF was inevitable. Positive attitudes included optimism about DF eradication potentials and eagerness to help and donate blood to sick relatives. Participants primarily learned about the DF prevention from mass media (244/400; 61.0%) and social media (97/400; 24.25%). The most popular prevention measures adopted were mosquito‐repellent incense (344/400; 86.0%) and mosquito nets (389/400; 97.25%). While most participants (358/400; 89.5%) cleaned areas where mosquitos lay eggs, only169 out of 400 (42.25%) regularly treated with chemical sprays. Only 182 out of 400 (45.5%) reported receiving DF prevention training in the factory. Correlation between DF knowledge and education was statistically significant, as (r=0.38, p<0.01, n=398). Correlation between DF knowledge and work experience was insignificant (r=0.01, p>0.01, n=398). Age and DF knowledge were not correlated (r=0.07, p>0.01, n=398). In conclusion, gaps in KAP for dengue could be addressed by government‐sponsored educational programs that utilize the power of mass/social media for dengue prevention and control. More KAP surveillance studies are needed for other sectors of the society.

Lead-acid battery (LAB) manufacturing is growing in Bangladesh because of the expanding automotive industry and low lead prices. Although these factories employ a big workforce, the working environment has led to concerns about the possible health risks for employees. This study aimed to address this issue by investigating workplace chemical and physical hazards in three LAB industries and evaluating health outcomes among workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 72 LAB factory workers, and participants were recruited by simple random sampling. A validated questionnaire was used to collect information on self-reported exposures to physical and chemical risks and related health effects. Data analysis was performed by using statistical software SPSS version 25. The age and work experience (Mean ± SD) of the participants were 34.2 ± 7.7 and 10.0 ± 5.7 years, respectively. High workplace temperature and noise from machinery, chemical odors, and skin exposure to acid (H₂SO₄) were reported by 52.8%, 51.4%, and 20.8% of workers, respectively. Insomnia (25.0%), abdominal pain (18.1%), joint pain (38.9%), memory loss (19.4%), headache (15.3%), low back pain (47.2%), eyesight problem (19.4%), physical weakness (47.2%), and hypertension (19.4%) were all common symptoms among the workers. Our study findings indicate that workers in LAB factories in Bangladesh are exposed to extreme temperatures, hazardous materials, and uncomfortable levels of noise, which can lead to serious health risks. To ensure the safety and well-being of employees, the LAB manufacturing sector in Bangladesh requires the immediate implementation of proper occupational health and safety standards.

A field experiment was carried out at Al-Bahariya Oasis, Giza, Egypt, during three successive seasons to find out the effect of application of bentonite (BN) as a natural clay deposit at either 6 or 12 kg/palm tree and humic substances (HS) as organic amendment at either 0.75 or 1.0 L/palm tree incorporated with Bacillus polymyxa (BP) as a biofertilizers at 14 and 28 mL/L rates on growth, yield, and fruit weight of 10-year-old Siwi date palm cv. (Phoenix dectylifera L.). Siwi trees were cultivated in sandy texture soil at a distance of 8 × 8 m and were irrigated with 100%, 85%, and 70% of ET crop. Effects of the previous treatments on growth, date palm crop, soil properties, water relations, water-use efficiency (WUE), and economic return were also studied. The obtained results showed that the mean values of leaf length, leaflet length and width, fruit set%, bunch weight, yield/palm, yield/fed, fruit weight, flesh weight, and fruit pulp weight were increased in response to the different individual and combined treatments used in this study with various significance levels compared to the control treatment means in the studied three seasons. However, the superiority was for combining between amending the sandy soil with either low concentrations of BN (6 kg/tree) + HS (0.75 Liter/tree) + BP (14 mL/L) or high concentrations of BN (12 kg/tree) + HS (1.0 L/tree) + BP (28 mL/L) and irrigation with 85% of ETc water level, as such combinations attained the highest values in most of the mentioned values over both the sole and combined treatments in the studied three seasons. Furthermore, the results indicated that the highest monthly ETc values occurred during June and July months, while the lowest values occurred during December and January months. Additionally, water productivity (WP) increased considerably by reduction of water quantity (70% ETc) associated with soil conditioner treatment (BN.12 kg +HS 1 L + BP. 28 mL/L), and values were 2.17, 2.25, and 2.27 kg fruit/m³ of water irrigation during the growing seasons, respectively. The highest net return was attributed to irrigation with 85% of ETc water level along with the application of soil conditioners at high rates. Accordingly, it is advisable to apply the soil conditioners of bentonite (at 6 or 12 kg/tree) and humic substances (at either 0.75 or 1.0 L/tree) with B. polymyxa (at either 14 or 28 mL/L) plus irrigation with either 85% or 70% of ETc water level to obtain the best growth, highest yield, (WP), and gross return from var. Siwi date palm grown under an oasis agro-system.

Objective: This study assessed the association between various routes of tobacco use and hypertension while exploring the roles of confounders and effect modifiers among the adult rural people of Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a combination of open and closed-ended questionnaires. Data were collected from 496 adult rural patients during their doctor visits. All the data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 statistical software. Continuous variables were summarized as Means (M) and Standard Deviations (SD), and categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and proportions. Logistic regression model assessed associations with Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs). Results: Among the 496 participants, 50.8% were female, with an average age of 49.5 ± 11.8 years (M ± SD). 19/496 (3.83%) of inhaled smoker participants had hypertension. 58/496 (11.69%) of the chewing tobacco users were discovered to be hypertensive. The combined use of both inhalation and chewing tobacco was associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.64-2.49), while inhalation tobacco was not (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05-0.53). Betel leaf use was prevalent among chewing tobacco users but did not significantly modify the association with hypertension. Age was identified as an independent variable that did not confound or modify the association between tobacco use and hypertension. Conclusion: Together, inhalation and chewing of tobacco may increase hypertension risk, necessitating targeted public health interventions to curb its use among adult Bangladeshi rural populations. Nevertheless, we cannot establish temporality or causality from this study.