To investigate the long-term effects of vestibular exercises (VE), cervical stabilization exercises (CSE) and standard balance exercises (SBE) on balance, gait and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. Thirty-five patients were randomly allocated to three groups, performing different exercises three days a week for 12 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, at Week 12 and at a 6-month follow-up using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four-Square Step Test (FSST), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS). At 12 weeks, both CSE and VE groups improved on FRT and 2MWT, with the CSE group also experiencing improvements on FSST, TUG, and FIS (p < 0.05). The SBE group showed no significant changes. At 6 months, FRT, FSST, and 2MWT improvements persisted in the VE group, while the CSE group-maintained TUG and FIS gains. The VE group had superior FRT at 6 months, while the CSE group showed greater FSST improvements at 12 weeks. The VE group exhibited greater 2MWT improvements than the CSE group at 6 months, while the CSE group had better TUG results at both timepoints. Both CSE and VE groups showed greater reductions in fatigue (FIS) than the SBE group at 6 months. VE provide long-term benefits for balance and gait speed, while CSE enhance gait endurance and postural control during training. Both modalities contribute to long-term fatigue reduction. SBE are less effective, highlighting the need for targeted interventions such as VE and CSE for sustained improvements.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın primer amacı, adölesan kadın basketbolcularda kor stabilitesinin bir bileşeni olan kor dayanıklılığın, denge ve alt ekstremite patlayıcı gücü arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Çalışmanın sekonder amacı ise, basketbol oynayan ve oynamayan adölesanlar arasında kor endurans, denge ve patlayıcı güç açısından karşılaştırma yapmaktır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmanın tasarımı kesitsel tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Çalışmaya 10 ile 15 yaş arasında olan 112 kadın basketbolcu dahil edildi. Katılımcılar basketbol oynayan çalışma grubu (n=56) ve basketbol oynamayan kontrol grubu (n=56) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Her iki gruptaki katılımcılar gövde fleksiyonu, gövde ekstansiyonu, yan plank ve yüzükoyun köprü testleri kullanılarak kor stabilitesi, Y denge testi kullanılarak denge ve durarak uzun atlama testi kullanılarak alt ekstremite patlayıcı gücü açısından değerlendirildi. Bütün değerlendirmeler 3 defa yapıldı ve ortalaması alındı. Sonuçlar: Çalışma grubunun grup içi değerlerinde; durarak uzun atlama testi ile sağ-sol ekstremitede Y denge testinin tüm yönlerinde ve gövde fleksör testi arasında ayrıca denge ve kor stabilite testleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı (p>0,05). Durarak uzun atlama testi ile gövde ekstansör (p

Background/Objectives: Dysphagia may adversely affect nutritional status in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the associations between dysphagia severity and (i) nutritional status, assessed by the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, and (ii) secondary sarcopenia indicators according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People-2 (EWGSOP2) framework. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 32 consecutive adult outpatients with confirmed MS and self-reported dysphagia (DYMUS ≥ 1). Dysphagia severity was evaluated using the Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis (DYMUS) questionnaire, the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10), and the Yale Swallow Protocol. Nutritional assessment included MUST screening and GLIM-based malnutrition diagnosis. Muscle function was evaluated via handgrip strength, calf circumference, and 4-metre gait speed. Results: GLIM-defined malnutrition was identified in 12 (37.5%) patients. Dysphagia severity was significantly associated with MUST score (ρ = 0.596, p < 0.001) and the presence of GLIM-defined malnutrition (median DYMUS 6.5 vs. 4.0; p = 0.012). In exploratory logistic regression, higher DYMUS scores were associated with GLIM-defined malnutrition. Conversely, no significant associations were found between dysphagia severity and handgrip strength, calf circumference, or sarcopenia classification (p > 0.30 for all). The categorical severe-sarcopenia rate was not considered reliably interpretable because of a pronounced gait speed floor effect. Conclusions: In ambulatory MS patients with dysphagia, dysphagia severity was associated with nutritional risk indicators and GLIM-defined malnutrition, but not with the primary muscle strength and mass indicators evaluated. Because MUST and GLIM reflect composite nutritional risk rather than confirmed protein–energy deficiency, these findings should be regarded as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. The present data did not permit a reliable estimate of sarcopenia prevalence because of a pronounced gait speed floor effect and the absence of body composition measurement. As a preliminary practical consideration, these findings may support combined dysphagia and nutritional screening in multidisciplinary MS outpatient care, pending confirmation in larger prospective cohorts.