Facility agriculture in China is facing the challenge of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizers), which hinder the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer allocation is essential to balance agricultural production and environmental concerns. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal organic fertilizer strategy for tomato cultivation under different irrigation methods. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, and two irrigation methods, surface irrigation (SI) and drip irrigation (SDI), were used during tomato growth. The fertilization treatments included urea alone (CK); 30%, 40%, and 50% chicken manure mixed with urea (FC1, FC2, FC3); and 50% cow manure and sheep manure mixed with urea (FB3, FS3). The results showed that the irrigation techniques and fertilization had significant effects on ammonia volatilization accumulation, soil mineral nitrogen content, and tomato yield and quality. Compared with the surface irrigation technique with the same amount of fertilizer application, the drip irrigation technique reduced the ammonia volatilization accumulation by a maximum of 76.40%. The SDIFC3 and SDIFB3 ammonia volatilization accumulation was as low as 5.24 (kg·hm⁻²) and 7.61 (kg·hm⁻²); the soil nitrate nitrogen content was reduced, and the tomato yield increased significantly by 17.11%. The SDIFC3 treatment achieved a maximum yield of 13,414 (kg·hm⁻²), increased the tomato vitamin C and soluble sugar contents by 19.13% and 8.97%, and lowered the titratable acid content by as much as 30.51%. Under drip irrigation fertilization conditions, the SDIFC3 treatment showed lower ammonia volatilization accumulation and the highest tomato yield and quality compared to CK and the same proportion of organic fertilizer substitutes with cow and sheep manure. The increase in the proportion of organic fertilizers replacing chemical fertilizers resulted in a gradual decrease in ammonia volatilization accumulation and a gradual increase in the tomato yield and various qualities. The soil mineral N content, on the other hand, was significantly affected by irrigation, fertilizer application, and water–fertilizer interaction effects, with a tendency for the content to increase and then decrease after each fertilizer application. The mineral N content was lower with drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation, especially in the 10–20 cm soil layer than in the 0–10 cm layer. Increasing drip irrigation and organic fertilizer substitution significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar contents in the tomatoes, while decreasing the titratable acid content.

Shallow groundwater plays a vital role in water use and the yield of winter wheat. Nitrogen (N) application significantly affects crop uptake and utilization of water from irrigation, but little is known about groundwater use. More importantly, excessive N application will also bring a series of environmental problems. An experiment was carried out in micro-lysimeters at 0, 150, 240, and 300 kg/ha N fertilization rates based on 0.6 m groundwater depth with relatively strong alkaline soil in the winter wheat growing season. The results showed that increasing the N application rate significantly increased the sensitivity of the daily groundwater evaporation velocity of winter wheat to environmental meteorological factors (soil surface moisture, humidity, atmospheric pressure and atmospheric temperature), and promoted crop water use, crop growth and yield under the 0.6 m groundwater depth. From 150 kg/ha to 300 kg/ha N fertilization, LAI and yield increased by 26.95–82.02%, and evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater use efficiency (GUE) increased by 11.17–14.38%. However, a high N application rate would sharply induce surface soil drought, leading to a rapid increase in nitrate accumulation in the vadose zone and a significant decrease in partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN). With the N application of 150–300 kg/ha, the accumulation of nitrate in the vadose zone increased by 8.12 times, and soil moisture in 0–20 cm and PFPN significantly decreased by 19.16–57.53%. N fertilization had a significant effect on water transfer and could promote the consumption and utilization of groundwater at 0.6 m depth. Considering yield, water use, the accumulation of nitrate, and PFPN, the optimal N application was 219.42–289.53 kg/ha at 0.6 m depth.