This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Natural isotopic abundance in soil and foliar can provide integrated information related to the long-term alterations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in forest ecosystems. We evaluated total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and isotopic natural abundance of C (δ13C) and N (δ15N) in soil and foliar of coniferous plantation (CPF), natural broadleaved forest (NBF), and mixed forest stands at three different soil depths (i.e., 0–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm). This study also explored how soil available nutrients are affected by different forest types. Lutou forest research station, located in Hunan Province, central China, was used as the study area. Results demonstrated that the topsoil layer had higher TC and TN content in the mixed forest stand, resulting in a better quality of organic materials in the topsoil layer in the mixed forest than NBF and CPF. In general, soil TC, TN, and δ15N varied significantly in different soil depths and forest types. However, the forest type did not exhibit any significant effect on δ13C. Overall, soil δ13C was significantly enriched in CPF, and δ15N values were enriched in mixed forest. Foliar C content varied significantly among forest types, whereas foliar N content was not significantly different. No big differences were observed for foliar δ15N and δ13C across forest types. However, foliar δ13C and δ15N were positively related to soil δ13C and δ15N, respectively. Foliar N, soil and foliar C:N ratio, soil moisture content (SMC), and forest type were observed as the major influential factors affecting isotopic natural abundance, whereas soil pH was not significantly correlated. In addition, forest type change and soil depth increment had a significant effect on soil nutrient availability. In general, soil nutrient availability was higher in mixed forest. Our findings implied that forest type and soil depth alter TC, TN, and soil δ15N, whereas δ13C was only driven by soil depth. Moreover, plantations led to a decline in soil available nutrient content compared with NBF and mixed forest stands.
Taimoor Farooq; Xiaoyong Chen; Awais Shakoor; Yong Li; Jun Wang; Muhammad Rashid; Uttam Kumar; Wende Yan. Unraveling the Influence of Land-Use Change on δ13C, δ15N, and Soil Nutritional Status in Coniferous, Broadleaved, and Mixed Forests in Southern China: A Field Investigation. Plants 2021, 10, 1499 .
AMA StyleTaimoor Farooq, Xiaoyong Chen, Awais Shakoor, Yong Li, Jun Wang, Muhammad Rashid, Uttam Kumar, Wende Yan. Unraveling the Influence of Land-Use Change on δ13C, δ15N, and Soil Nutritional Status in Coniferous, Broadleaved, and Mixed Forests in Southern China: A Field Investigation. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1499.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaimoor Farooq; Xiaoyong Chen; Awais Shakoor; Yong Li; Jun Wang; Muhammad Rashid; Uttam Kumar; Wende Yan. 2021. "Unraveling the Influence of Land-Use Change on δ13C, δ15N, and Soil Nutritional Status in Coniferous, Broadleaved, and Mixed Forests in Southern China: A Field Investigation." Plants 10, no. 8: 1499.
Salinity is a major constraint in improving agricultural productivity due to its adverse impact on various physiological and biochemical attributes of plants, and its effect on reducing nitrogen (N) use efficiency due to ion toxicity. To understand the relationship between sodium chloride (NaCl) and increased N application rates, a pot study was performed in which the ammonical (NH4+) form of N was applied as urea to maize crops at different rates (control, 160, 186, 240, 267, 293, and 320 kg N ha−1) using two salinity levels (control and 10 dS m−1 NaCl). The results indicate that all biochemical and physiological attributes of the maize plant improved with increased concentration of N up to 293 kg ha−1, compared to those in the control treatment. Similarly, the optimal N concentration regulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase activity (CAT), peroxidase activity (POD), and superoxide dismutases (SOD), and also increased the N use efficiencies of the maize crop up to 293 kg N ha−1. Overall, our results show that the optimum level of N (293 kg ha−1) improved the salinity tolerance in the maize plant by activating stress coping physiological and biochemical mechanisms. This may have been due to the major role of N in the metabolic activity of plants and N assimilation enzymes activity such as nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR).
Syed Javed; Muhammad Arif; Sher Shahzad; Muhammad Ashraf; Rizwana Kausar; Taimoor Farooq; M. Hussain; Awais Shakoor. Can Different Salt Formulations Revert the Depressing Effect of Salinity on Maize by Modulating Plant Biochemical Attributes and Activating Stress Regulators through Improved N Supply? Sustainability 2021, 13, 8022 .
AMA StyleSyed Javed, Muhammad Arif, Sher Shahzad, Muhammad Ashraf, Rizwana Kausar, Taimoor Farooq, M. Hussain, Awais Shakoor. Can Different Salt Formulations Revert the Depressing Effect of Salinity on Maize by Modulating Plant Biochemical Attributes and Activating Stress Regulators through Improved N Supply? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):8022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed Javed; Muhammad Arif; Sher Shahzad; Muhammad Ashraf; Rizwana Kausar; Taimoor Farooq; M. Hussain; Awais Shakoor. 2021. "Can Different Salt Formulations Revert the Depressing Effect of Salinity on Maize by Modulating Plant Biochemical Attributes and Activating Stress Regulators through Improved N Supply?" Sustainability 13, no. 14: 8022.
Pollution from potentially toxic metals (PTMs) is one of the most pressing global environmental challenge with soaring human health concerns. It is now critical to seek out effective remediation technologies to control PTMs in the terrestrial environment. Biochar has piqued the interest of researchers due to its ability to immobilize PTMs, particularly in soil, with the assumption that biochar having unique physico-chemical properties may influence PTM mobility. A meta-analysis was performed using 1503 observations extracted from 80 peer-reviewed articles to determine: (a) the effects of various physico-chemical properties of biochar on the bioavailability of PTMs (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soil and plants, and (b) the best specification of physico-chemical properties of biochar for effective remediation of these PTMs. The findings revealed that the reduction rate of PTM bioavailability is heavily influenced by the physico-chemical properties of both biochar and soil. The physico-chemical parameters of biochar that have effective response to PTMs immobilization were as; 101–500 m2 g−1 surface area, neutral to alkaline pH, pyrolysis temperature > 500 °C, with best application rate of 1.1–3%. However, overall results indicate that the biochar, with given specification of physico-chemical attributes, can decrease the bioavailability of PTMs by 40% in soil and 22% in plants. Moreover, edaphic factors such as soil pH, texture, and crop type can also influence the biochar mediated PTMs adsorption and transformation under field or pot conditions. Furthermore, research gaps remain to be filled in order to investigate the efficiency, high specificity, and secondary pollution aspects of biochar, particularly on large-scale applications as an amendment for PTM remediation.
Abdul Rehman; Muhammad Saleem Arif; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Waqas Ahmed; Tariq Mehmood; Muhammad Raza Farooq; Zeeshan Javed; Awais Shakoor. Biochar potential to relegate metal toxicity effects is more soil driven than plant system: A global meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 316, 128276 .
AMA StyleAbdul Rehman, Muhammad Saleem Arif, Muhammad Aammar Tufail, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Waqas Ahmed, Tariq Mehmood, Muhammad Raza Farooq, Zeeshan Javed, Awais Shakoor. Biochar potential to relegate metal toxicity effects is more soil driven than plant system: A global meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 316 ():128276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rehman; Muhammad Saleem Arif; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Waqas Ahmed; Tariq Mehmood; Muhammad Raza Farooq; Zeeshan Javed; Awais Shakoor. 2021. "Biochar potential to relegate metal toxicity effects is more soil driven than plant system: A global meta-analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 316, no. : 128276.
The exploration and rational design of easily separable and highly efficient sorbents with the sufficient capability of retaining radioactive and toxic uranium U(VI) is paramount. In this study, a hydroxyapatite (HAP) biochar nanocomposite (BR/HAP) was successfully fabricated from rice straw biochar (BR), to be used as a new and efficient adsorbent for removing U(VI) from aqueous solution. Both BR and the BR/HAP composite were characterized via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Batch test results showed that BR/HAP exhibited remarkably higher adsorption capacity than the raw BR. A pseudo-second order kinetic model thoroughly explained the adsorption kinetics, providing the maximum U(VI) adsorption capacities (qe) of 110.56 mg g−1 (R2 = 0.98) and 428.25 mg g−1 (R2 = 0.99), for BR and BR/HAP, respectively, which was indicative of the rate-limited sorption via diffusion or surface complexation after rapid initial adsorption steps. The Langmuir isotherm model fitted the experimental data to accurately simulate the adsorption of U(VI) onto BR and BR/HAP (R2 = 0.97 and R2 = 0.99). The thermodynamic results showed negative values for ΔG°, clearly indicating that the reaction was spontaneous, as well as positive values for ΔH° (11.04 kJ mol−1 and 28.86 kJ mol−1, respectively) and ΔS° (88.97 kJ mol−1 K−1, and 183.42 kJ mol−1 K−1), making clear the endothermic nature of U(VI) adsorption onto both sorbents, with an increase in randomness at a molecular level. FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectrum further confirmed that the primary mechanisms were ion exchange with UO22+ and surface complexion by –OH and –COOH. In addition, BR/HAP showed an excellent reusability, making it a promising candidate as a new sorbent for U(VI) removal from wastewater. In view of that, it would be interesting to perform future research to explore practical implications of this sorbent material regarding protection from environmental and public health issues related to that pollutant.
Waqas Ahmed; Avelino Núñez-Delgado; Sajid Mehmood; Sehrish Ali; Muhammad Qaswar; Awais Shakoor; Di-Yun Chen. Highly efficient uranium (VI) capture from aqueous solution by means of a hydroxyapatite-biochar nanocomposite: Adsorption behavior and mechanism. Environmental Research 2021, 201, 111518 .
AMA StyleWaqas Ahmed, Avelino Núñez-Delgado, Sajid Mehmood, Sehrish Ali, Muhammad Qaswar, Awais Shakoor, Di-Yun Chen. Highly efficient uranium (VI) capture from aqueous solution by means of a hydroxyapatite-biochar nanocomposite: Adsorption behavior and mechanism. Environmental Research. 2021; 201 ():111518.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaqas Ahmed; Avelino Núñez-Delgado; Sajid Mehmood; Sehrish Ali; Muhammad Qaswar; Awais Shakoor; Di-Yun Chen. 2021. "Highly efficient uranium (VI) capture from aqueous solution by means of a hydroxyapatite-biochar nanocomposite: Adsorption behavior and mechanism." Environmental Research 201, no. : 111518.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global challenge since 2019. With the fast rise in the infected cases and deaths worldwide, many environmental and climate-related myths and fallacies spreaded fast. These fallacies include virus cannot spread in hot and humid conditions, cold weather can inhibit the virus, drinking hot water and sunlight can help cure the COVID-19, ultraviolet (UV) disinfectant lamps and UV rays from sunlight can kill the virus, use of hairdryers and hot showers for virus prevention, etc. Social norms and mindset of the people in the world towards a pandemic are quite similar. The primary purpose of this article is to enlighten the readers regarding these climatological misconceptions and social fallacies, helping spread proper knowledge and manage the outbreak of this deadly pandemic.
Ambar Farooq; Uttam Kumar; Junaite Bin Gais Uddin; Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid; Matoor Mohsin Gilani; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Awais Shakoor; Matloob Ahmad. Climatological and social fallacies about COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Sustainability 2021, 1 -6.
AMA StyleAmbar Farooq, Uttam Kumar, Junaite Bin Gais Uddin, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Matoor Mohsin Gilani, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Awais Shakoor, Matloob Ahmad. Climatological and social fallacies about COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Sustainability. 2021; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmbar Farooq; Uttam Kumar; Junaite Bin Gais Uddin; Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid; Matoor Mohsin Gilani; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Awais Shakoor; Matloob Ahmad. 2021. "Climatological and social fallacies about COVID-19 pandemic." Environmental Sustainability , no. : 1-6.
A novel phosphorus (P) modified biochar (PLBC) was produced by pyrolyzing biomass of the dietic herb Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz (TMHM) and treating it with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4). This phosphorous loaded biochar was then assessed as adsorbent for As(III) removal from contaminated water. In the current research, the adsorbent was characterized before and after P loading by means of SEM-EDX, TEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. It was evidenced that the presence of P on the surface of the biochar (BC) could improve its efficiency to remove As(III) from contaminated environments. Adsorption kinetics were evaluated by performing batch-type experiments at varied times and pH values (5, 7 and 9). The kinetic study revealed that a contact time of 24 h was required to attain equilibrium and the experimental data were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (qe = 17.1 mg g−1). In addition, several batch experiments were conducted with varied arsenic concentrations. During the adsorption tests, the maximum adsorption of As(III) was found at pH 5. The adsorption study further showed that compared to BC, PLBC depicted increased removal of As(III) from contaminated solutions. The adsorption experimental data showed the best fit to the Langmuir isotherm model (with R2 = 0.84), with maximum As(III) adsorption capacity reaching 30.76 mg g−1 for PLBC.
Waqas Ahmed; Sajid Mehmood; Avelino Núñez-Delgado; Sehrish Ali; Muhammad Qaswar; Awais Shakoor; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Di-Yun Chen. Adsorption of arsenic (III) from aqueous solution by a novel phosphorus-modified biochar obtained from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz: Adsorption behavior and mechanistic analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 292, 112764 .
AMA StyleWaqas Ahmed, Sajid Mehmood, Avelino Núñez-Delgado, Sehrish Ali, Muhammad Qaswar, Awais Shakoor, Ali Akbar Maitlo, Di-Yun Chen. Adsorption of arsenic (III) from aqueous solution by a novel phosphorus-modified biochar obtained from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz: Adsorption behavior and mechanistic analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 292 ():112764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaqas Ahmed; Sajid Mehmood; Avelino Núñez-Delgado; Sehrish Ali; Muhammad Qaswar; Awais Shakoor; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Di-Yun Chen. 2021. "Adsorption of arsenic (III) from aqueous solution by a novel phosphorus-modified biochar obtained from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand-Mazz: Adsorption behavior and mechanistic analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 292, no. : 112764.
Intercropping is one of the most widely used agroforestry techniques, reducing the harmful impacts of external inputs such as fertilizers. It also controls soil erosion, increases soil nutrients availability, and reduces weed growth. In this study, the intercropping of peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) was done with tea plants (Camellia oleifera), and it was compared with the mono-cropping of tea and peanut. Soil health and fertility were examined by analyzing the variability in soil enzymatic activity and soil nutrients availability at different soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm). Results showed that the peanut–tea intercropping considerably impacted the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient availability, and soil enzymatic responses at different soil depths. The activity of protease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase was higher in intercropping, while the activity of urease and catalase was higher in peanut monoculture. In intercropping, total phosphorus (TP) was 14.2%, 34.2%, 77.7%, 61.9%; total potassium (TK) was 13.4%, 20%, 27.4%, 20%; available phosphorus (AP) was 52.9%, 26.56%, 61.1%; 146.15% and available potassium (AK) was 11.1%, 43.06%, 46.79% higher than the mono-cropping of tea in respective soil layers. Additionally, available nitrogen (AN) was 51.78%, 5.92%, and 15.32% lower in the 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm layers of the intercropping system than in the mono-cropping system of peanut. Moreover, the soil enzymatic activity was significantly correlated with SOC and total nitrogen (TN) content across all soil depths and cropping systems. The depth and path analysis effect revealed that SOC directly affected sucrase, protease, urease, and catalase enzymes in an intercropping system. It was concluded that an increase in the soil enzymatic activity in the intercropping pattern improved the reaction rate at which organic matter decomposed and released nutrients into the soil environment. Enzyme activity in the decomposition process plays a vital role in forest soil morphology and function. For efficient land use in the cropping system, it is necessary to develop coherent agroforestry practices. The results in this study revealed that intercropping certainly enhance soil nutrients status and positively impacts soil conservation.
Taimoor Farooq; Uttam Kumar; Jing Mo; Awais Shakoor; Jun Wang; Muhammad Rashid; Muhammad Tufail; Xiaoyong Chen; Wende Yan. Intercropping of Peanut–Tea Enhances Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Nutrient Status at Different Soil Profiles in Subtropical Southern China. Plants 2021, 10, 881 .
AMA StyleTaimoor Farooq, Uttam Kumar, Jing Mo, Awais Shakoor, Jun Wang, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Tufail, Xiaoyong Chen, Wende Yan. Intercropping of Peanut–Tea Enhances Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Nutrient Status at Different Soil Profiles in Subtropical Southern China. Plants. 2021; 10 (5):881.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaimoor Farooq; Uttam Kumar; Jing Mo; Awais Shakoor; Jun Wang; Muhammad Rashid; Muhammad Tufail; Xiaoyong Chen; Wende Yan. 2021. "Intercropping of Peanut–Tea Enhances Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Nutrient Status at Different Soil Profiles in Subtropical Southern China." Plants 10, no. 5: 881.
Organic amendments (animal manure and biochar) to agricultural soils may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) contents, improve soil fertility and crop productivity but also contribute to global warming through nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. However, the effects of organic amendments on N2O emissions from agricultural soils seem variable among numerous research studies and remains uncertain. Here, eighty-five publications (peer-reviewed) were selected to perform a meta-analysis study. The results of this meta-analysis study show that the application of animal manure enhanced N2O emissions by 17.7%, whereas, biochar amendment significantly mitigated N2O emissions by 19.7%. Moreover, coarse textured soils increased [lnRR‾ = 182.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 151.4%, 217.7%] N2O emission after animal manure, in contrast, N2O emission mitigated by 7.0% from coarse textured soils after biochar amendment. In addition, this study found that 121–320 kg N ha−1 and ⩽ 30 T ha−1 application rates of animal manure and biochar mitigated N2O emissions by 72.3% and 22.5%, respectively. Soil pH also played a vital role in regulating the N2O emissions after organic amendments. Furthermore, > 10 soil C: N ratios increased N2O emissions by 121.4% and 27.6% after animal and biochar amendments, respectively. Overall, animal manure C: N ratios significantly enhanced N2O emissions, while, biochar C: N ratio had not shown any effect on N2O emissions. Overall, average N2O emission factors (EFs) for animal manure and biochar amendments were 0.46% and −0.08%, respectively. Thus, the results of this meta-analysis study provide scientific evidence about how organic amendments such as animal manure and biochar regulating the N2O emission from agricultural soils.
Awais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Nilovna Chatterjee; Muhammad Saleem Arif; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Afzal Ahmed Dar; Tariq Mehmood. Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils: Application of animal manure or biochar? A global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 285, 112170 .
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Nilovna Chatterjee, Muhammad Saleem Arif, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Muhammad Mohsin Altaf, Muhammad Aammar Tufail, Afzal Ahmed Dar, Tariq Mehmood. Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils: Application of animal manure or biochar? A global meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 285 ():112170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Nilovna Chatterjee; Muhammad Saleem Arif; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Afzal Ahmed Dar; Tariq Mehmood. 2021. "Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils: Application of animal manure or biochar? A global meta-analysis." Journal of Environmental Management 285, no. : 112170.
The changing climate scenarios harshen the biotic stresses including boosting up the population of insect/pest and disease, uplifting weed growth, declining soil beneficial microbes, threaten pollinator, and boosting up abiotic stresses including harsh drought/waterlogging, extremisms in temperature, salinity/alkalinity, abrupt rainfall pattern)) and ulitamtely affect the plant in multiple ways. This nexus review paper will cover four significant points viz (1) the possible impacts of climate change; as the world already facing the problem of food security, in such crucial period, climatic change severely affects all four dimensions of food security (from production to consumption) and will lead to malnutrition/malnourishment faced by low-income peoples. (2) How some major crops (wheat, cotton, rice, maize, and sugarcane) are affected by stress and their consequent loss. (3) How to develop a strategic work to limit crucial factors, like their significant role in climate-smart breeding, developing resilience to stresses, and idiotypic breeding. Additionally, there is an essence of improving food security, as much of our food is wasted before consumption for instance post-harvest losses. (4) Role of biotechnology and genetic engineering in adaptive introgression of the gene or developing plant transgenic against pests. As millions of dollars are invested in innovation and research to cope with future climate change stresses on a plant, hence community base adaptation of innovation is also considered an important factor in crop improvements. Because of such crucial predictions about the future impacts of climate change on agriculture, we must adopt measures to evolve crop.
Aqeel Shahzad; Sana Ullah; Afzal Ahmed Dar; Muhammad Fahad Sardar; Tariq Mehmood; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Awais Shakoor; Muhammad Haris. Nexus on climate change: agriculture and possible solution to cope future climate change stresses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 14211 -14232.
AMA StyleAqeel Shahzad, Sana Ullah, Afzal Ahmed Dar, Muhammad Fahad Sardar, Tariq Mehmood, Muhammad Aammar Tufail, Awais Shakoor, Muhammad Haris. Nexus on climate change: agriculture and possible solution to cope future climate change stresses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (12):14211-14232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAqeel Shahzad; Sana Ullah; Afzal Ahmed Dar; Muhammad Fahad Sardar; Tariq Mehmood; Muhammad Aammar Tufail; Awais Shakoor; Muhammad Haris. 2021. "Nexus on climate change: agriculture and possible solution to cope future climate change stresses." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 12: 14211-14232.
The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdowns all over the world have had various impacts on atmospheric quality. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the lockdown on the air quality of Nanjing, China. The off-axis measurements from state-of-the-art remote-sensing Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscope (MAX-DOAS) were used to observe the trace gases, i.e., Formaldehyde (HCHO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), along with the in-situ time series of NO2, SO2 and Ozone (O3). The total dataset covers the span of five months, from 1 December 2019, to 10 May 2020, which comprises of four phases, i.e., the pre lockdown phase (1 December 2019, to 23 January 2020), Phase-1 lockdown (24 January 2020, to 26 February 2020), Phase-2 lockdown (27 February 2020, to 31 March 2020), and post lockdown (1 April 2020, to 10 May 2020). The observed results clearly showed that the concentrations of selected pollutants were lower along with improved air quality during the lockdown periods (Phase-1 and Phase-2) with only the exception of O3, which showed an increasing trend during lockdown. The study concluded that limited anthropogenic activities during the spring festival and lockdown phases improved air quality with a significant reduction of selected trace gases, i.e., NO2 59%, HCHO 38%, and SO2 33%. We also compared our results with 2019 data for available gases. Our results imply that the air pollutants concentration reduction in 2019 during Phase-2 was insignificant, which was due to the business as usual conditions after the Spring Festival (Phase-1) in 2019. In contrast, a significant contamination reduction was observed during Phase-2 in 2020 with the enforcement of a Level-II response in lockdown conditions i.e., the easing of the lockdown situation in some sectors during a specific interval of time. The observed ratio of HCHO to NO2 showed that tropospheric ozone production involved Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) limited scenarios.
Zeeshan Javed; Yuhang Wang; Mingjie Xie; Aimon Tanvir; Abdul Rehman; Xiangguang Ji; Chengzhi Xing; Awais Shakoor; Cheng Liu. Investigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trace Gases Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3939 .
AMA StyleZeeshan Javed, Yuhang Wang, Mingjie Xie, Aimon Tanvir, Abdul Rehman, Xiangguang Ji, Chengzhi Xing, Awais Shakoor, Cheng Liu. Investigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trace Gases Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (23):3939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeeshan Javed; Yuhang Wang; Mingjie Xie; Aimon Tanvir; Abdul Rehman; Xiangguang Ji; Chengzhi Xing; Awais Shakoor; Cheng Liu. 2020. "Investigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trace Gases Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations in Nanjing, China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23: 3939.
Interior settled dust is one of the greatest threats of potentially toxic metal(oid)s (PTMs) exposure to the children, especially in the school environment. Therefore, it is more worthy of having in-depth knowledge of compositional characteristics of school dust. Forty schools were selected of Lahore city for dust sampling. The school dust was analyzed to determine the PTMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ge, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn) concentrations using ICP-MS. The morphological characteristics, PTMs speciation, and mineralogy of school dust were examined using SEM with EDS, XPS, and XRD, respectively. Moreover, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to assess the pollution levels, ecological risk, and source identification of PTMs, respectively. The Igeo indicated a heavily-extreme pollution level of Cd (Igeo = 4.92), moderate-heavy pollution of Zn (Igeo = 3.22), and Pb (Igeo = 2.78), and slight-moderate pollution of Cr (Igeo = 1.62), and Cu (Igeo = 1.53). The ecological risk has been found extremely high for Cd and moderately high for Pb and As, while potential ecological risk found extremely high posed by cumulatively all selected PTMs. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that sources of PTMs comprise of natural processes as well as several anthropogenic processes like vehicular emissions, agricultural and industrial activities. The SEM, XRD, and XPS analyses demonstrated the presence of airborne particles and PTMs containing minerals with several toxic chemical species in school dust. This study can help to develop strategies to reduce school indoor pollution and hence to establish an eco-friendly learning environment for children.
Abdul Rehman; Guijian Liu; Balal Yousaf; Rafay Ahmed; Muhammad Saqib Rashid; Samina Irshad; Awais Shakoor; Muhammad Raza Farooq. Morpho-chemical characterization and source apportionment of potentially toxic metal(oid)s from school dust of second largest populous city of Pakistan. Environmental Research 2020, 196, 110427 .
AMA StyleAbdul Rehman, Guijian Liu, Balal Yousaf, Rafay Ahmed, Muhammad Saqib Rashid, Samina Irshad, Awais Shakoor, Muhammad Raza Farooq. Morpho-chemical characterization and source apportionment of potentially toxic metal(oid)s from school dust of second largest populous city of Pakistan. Environmental Research. 2020; 196 ():110427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rehman; Guijian Liu; Balal Yousaf; Rafay Ahmed; Muhammad Saqib Rashid; Samina Irshad; Awais Shakoor; Muhammad Raza Farooq. 2020. "Morpho-chemical characterization and source apportionment of potentially toxic metal(oid)s from school dust of second largest populous city of Pakistan." Environmental Research 196, no. : 110427.
Recently, melatonin has gained significant importance in plant research. The presence of melatonin in the plant kingdom has been known since 1995. It is a molecule that is conserved in a wide array of evolutionary distant organisms. Its functions and characteristics have been found to be similar in both plants and animals. The review focuses on the role of melatonin pertaining to physiological functions in higher plants. Melatonin regulates physiological functions regarding auxin activity, root, shoot, and explant growth, activates germination of seeds, promotes rhizogenesis (growth of adventitious and lateral roots), and holds up impelled leaf senescence. Melatonin is a natural bio‐stimulant that creates resistance in field crops against various abiotic stress, including heat, chemical pollutants, cold, drought, salinity, and harmful ultra‐violet radiation. The full potential of melatonin in regulating physiological functions in higher plants still needs to be explored by further research.
Muhammad Ahsan Altaf; Rabia Shahid; Ming‐Xun Ren; Freddy Mora‐Poblete; Marino B. Arnao; Safina Naz; Muhammad Anwar; Sidra Shahid; Awais Shakoor; Hamza Sohail; Sunny Ahmar; Muhammad Kamran; Jen‐Tsung Chen. Phytomelatonin: An overview of the importance and mediating functions of melatonin against environmental stresses. Physiologia Plantarum 2020, 172, 820 -846.
AMA StyleMuhammad Ahsan Altaf, Rabia Shahid, Ming‐Xun Ren, Freddy Mora‐Poblete, Marino B. Arnao, Safina Naz, Muhammad Anwar, Sidra Shahid, Awais Shakoor, Hamza Sohail, Sunny Ahmar, Muhammad Kamran, Jen‐Tsung Chen. Phytomelatonin: An overview of the importance and mediating functions of melatonin against environmental stresses. Physiologia Plantarum. 2020; 172 (2):820-846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Ahsan Altaf; Rabia Shahid; Ming‐Xun Ren; Freddy Mora‐Poblete; Marino B. Arnao; Safina Naz; Muhammad Anwar; Sidra Shahid; Awais Shakoor; Hamza Sohail; Sunny Ahmar; Muhammad Kamran; Jen‐Tsung Chen. 2020. "Phytomelatonin: An overview of the importance and mediating functions of melatonin against environmental stresses." Physiologia Plantarum 172, no. 2: 820-846.
Different root exudations can modify the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Among these exudations, the low molecular weight organic acids play an imperative role in this process. The study was conducted to analyze the effect of phenanthrene (PHE) stress on root exudation variations and changes in its chemical composition in ten urban greening tree species, namely Loropetalum chinense, Gardenia ellis, Photinia fraseri, Ligustrum japonicum, Rhododendron simsii, Osmanthus fragrans, Gardenia jasminoides, Buxus sinica, Camellia sasanqua, and Euonymus japonicas. The experiment was carried out in three PHE concentration treatments (0 mg kg−1 (CK), 200 mg kg−1 (PHEL), 2000 mg kg−1 (PHEH)). The root exudates were collected and analyzed by GC-MS method. In total, 673 compounds were identified either with high or low abundance among all species and treatments. Compounds identified in CK, PHEL, and PHEH were 240, 180, and 256, respectively. The results illustrated that carbohydrates, phenols, and esters were the dominant compounds, accounted for more than 92%. Principal component analysis depicted that tree species grown in PHEH showed obvious alteration in compounds of root exudation, whereas little difference was noticed between PHEL and CK. Phenols (80%) were the most abundant, while nitriles contributed a small portion. Moreover, among all species, R. simsii released the maximum number of compounds, and L. japonicum released the least number of compounds accounting for 89 and 46, respectively. The results achieved here to illustrate that plant type, and PHE stress can significantly change the concentrations and species of root exudates. This study provides the scientific reference for understanding the phenanthrene responsive changes in root exudates and phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as a screening of urban greening tree species.
Jiaolong Wang; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Ali Aslam; Awais Shakoor; Xiaoyong Chen; Wende Yan. Non-targeted metabolomics reveal the impact of phenanthrene stress on root exudates of ten urban greening tree species. Environmental Research 2020, 196, 110370 .
AMA StyleJiaolong Wang, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Ali Aslam, Awais Shakoor, Xiaoyong Chen, Wende Yan. Non-targeted metabolomics reveal the impact of phenanthrene stress on root exudates of ten urban greening tree species. Environmental Research. 2020; 196 ():110370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiaolong Wang; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Ali Aslam; Awais Shakoor; Xiaoyong Chen; Wende Yan. 2020. "Non-targeted metabolomics reveal the impact of phenanthrene stress on root exudates of ten urban greening tree species." Environmental Research 196, no. : 110370.
The study aimed to investigate the correlation between meteorological parameters and the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Islamabad, Pakistan. The meteorological parameters include temperature minimum (°C), temperature maximum (°C), temperature average (°C), humidity minimum (%), humidity maximum (%), humidity average (%), and rainfall (mm). The data of COVID-19, such as the number of new confirmed cases and deaths was obtained from the Ministry of Health, Pakistan. The correlations of various types, i.e., Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall correlations between meteorological parameters and COVID-19, were employed for data analyses. The results exhibited a highly significant relationship between COVID-19 and temperature minimum and temperature average among all meteorological parameters. The study findings may help competitive authorities to combat this disease in Pakistan.
Abdul Rehman; Fatima Ashraf; Zeeshan Javed; Mudassar Hussain; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Awais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad. The nexus between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 pandemic: case of Islamabad, Pakistan. Environmental Sustainability 2020, 1 -5.
AMA StyleAbdul Rehman, Fatima Ashraf, Zeeshan Javed, Mudassar Hussain, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Awais Shakoor, Sher Muhammad Shahzad. The nexus between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 pandemic: case of Islamabad, Pakistan. Environmental Sustainability. 2020; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rehman; Fatima Ashraf; Zeeshan Javed; Mudassar Hussain; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Awais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad. 2020. "The nexus between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 pandemic: case of Islamabad, Pakistan." Environmental Sustainability , no. : 1-5.
No-tillage (NT) practice is extensively adopted with aims to improve soil physical conditions, carbon (C) sequestration and to alleviate greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions without compromising crop yield. However, the influences of NT on GHGs emissions and crop yields remains inconsistent. A global meta-analysis was performed by using fifty peer-reviewed publications to assess the effectiveness of soil physicochemical properties, nitrogen (N) fertilization, type and duration of crop, water management and climatic zones on GHGs emissions and crop yields under NT compared to conventional tillage (CT) practices. The outcome reveals that compared to CT, NT increased CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions by 7.1, 12.0, and 20.8%, respectively. In contrast, NT caused up to 7.6% decline in global warming potential as compared to CT. However, absence of difference in crop yield was observed both under NT and CT practices. Increasing N fertilization rates under NT improved crop yield and GHGs emission up to 23 and 58%, respectively, compared to CT. Further, NT practices caused an increase of 16.1% CO2 and 14.7% N2O emission in the rainfed areas and up to 54.0% CH4 emission under irrigated areas as compared to CT practices. This meta-analysis study provides a scientific basis for evaluating the effects of NT on GHGs emissions and crop yields, and also provides basic information to mitigate the GHGs emissions that are associated with NT practice.
Awais Shakoor; Muhammad Shahbaz; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Najam E. Sahar; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Muhammad Ashraf. A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gases emission and crop yield under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 750, 142299 .
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Muhammad Shahbaz, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Najam E. Sahar, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Mohsin Altaf, Muhammad Ashraf. A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gases emission and crop yield under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 750 ():142299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Muhammad Shahbaz; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Najam E. Sahar; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Muhammad Ashraf. 2020. "A global meta-analysis of greenhouse gases emission and crop yield under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage." Science of The Total Environment 750, no. : 142299.
Awais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Fatima Ashraf. Future of ammonium nitrate after Beirut (Lebanon) explosion. Environmental Pollution 2020, 267, 115615 .
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Fatima Ashraf. Future of ammonium nitrate after Beirut (Lebanon) explosion. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 267 ():115615.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Fatima Ashraf. 2020. "Future of ammonium nitrate after Beirut (Lebanon) explosion." Environmental Pollution 267, no. : 115615.
Agricultural lands, because of their large area and exhaustive management practices, have a substantial impact on the earth's carbon and nitrogen cycles, and agricultural activities consequence in discharges of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Globally, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions especially carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the agricultural sector are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Although, the application of animal manure to the agricultural soil as an organic fertilizer not only improves soil health and agricultural production but also has a significant impact on GHGs emissions. But the extent of GHGs emissions in response to manure application under diverse environmental conditions is still uncertain. Here, a meta-analysis study was conducted using field data (48 peer-reviewed publications) published from 1989 to 2019. Meta-analysis results showed that poultry manure considerably increased CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions than pig and cattle manure. Furthermore, application of poultry manure also increased (lnRR¯ = 0.141, 95% CI = 0.526–0.356) GWP (global warming potential) of total soil GHGs emissions. While, the significant effects on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions also occurred at manure rate >320 kg N ha−1 and >60% water filled pore space. The maximum concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions were observed in neutral soils (lnRR¯ = 3.375, 95% CI = 3.323–3.428), alkaline soils (lnRR¯ = 1.468, 95% CI = 1.403–1.532), and acidic soils (lnRR¯ = 2.355, 95% CI = 2.390–2.400), respectively. Soil texture, climate zone and crop type were also found significant factors to increase GHGs emissions. Thus, this meta-analysis revealed a knowledge gap concerning the consequences of animal manure application and rate, climate zone, and physicochemical properties of soil on GHGs emissions from agricultural soils.
Awais Shakoor; Saba Shakoor; Abdul Rehman; Fatima Ashraf; Muhammad Abdullah; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Aamir Manzoor; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf. Effect of animal manure, crop type, climate zone, and soil attributes on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils—A global meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 278, 124019 .
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Saba Shakoor, Abdul Rehman, Fatima Ashraf, Muhammad Abdullah, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, Muhammad Mohsin Altaf. Effect of animal manure, crop type, climate zone, and soil attributes on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils—A global meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 278 ():124019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Saba Shakoor; Abdul Rehman; Fatima Ashraf; Muhammad Abdullah; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Aamir Manzoor; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf. 2020. "Effect of animal manure, crop type, climate zone, and soil attributes on greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils—A global meta-analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 278, no. : 124019.
Vanadium (V) as minor concentration is present in various plants and extensively found in soils. The current study was established to assess the response of rice seedlings to different V concentrations and also investigated its toxic effect on growth, photosynthetic assimilation, relative chlorophyll content, SPAD index, ion leakage, enzyme activities, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and cell death. The rice seeds were sown in Petri dishes for 8 days, and after that, rice seedlings were grown hydroponically in a climate-controlled growth chamber. After 15 days of V-treatment, antioxidant enzyme activities, H2O2, protein contents, photosynthetic assimilation, relative chlorophyll content, and cell death were determined by utilizing the Spectrophotometer (Lambda 25 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer), and V accumulation (roots and shoots) was determined by GFAAS (GTA 120). The obtained results showed that all V concentrations significantly decreased the biomass (dry and fresh) and root growth as a result of the reduction in total root length, root tips, root fork, root surface area, and root crossing, and V was more accumulated in roots than shoots. Besides this, enzymatic activities were significantly enhanced under V stress. The findings also confirmed that seedling exposed to V stress had lower tolerance indices, photosynthetic activity, and protein contents while the ion leakage was consistently increased by increasing the V concentrations. The viability of plant cells severely damaged in response to high V stress, and H2O2 induction might be responsible for cell death. Generally, all V doses had a drastic effect on enzyme activities and caused cell death of rice plans. Moreover, the current study demonstrated that V ≥ 35 mg L−1 caused damaging effects on rice plants.
Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Xiao-Ping Diao; Atique Ur Rehman; Muhammad Imtiaz; Awais Shakoor; Haseeb Younis; Pengcheng Fu; Muhammad Usman Ghani. Effect of Vanadium on Growth, Photosynthesis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Cell Death of Rice. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2020, 20, 2643 -2656.
AMA StyleMuhammad Mohsin Altaf, Xiao-Ping Diao, Atique Ur Rehman, Muhammad Imtiaz, Awais Shakoor, Haseeb Younis, Pengcheng Fu, Muhammad Usman Ghani. Effect of Vanadium on Growth, Photosynthesis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Cell Death of Rice. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2020; 20 (4):2643-2656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Mohsin Altaf; Xiao-Ping Diao; Atique Ur Rehman; Muhammad Imtiaz; Awais Shakoor; Haseeb Younis; Pengcheng Fu; Muhammad Usman Ghani. 2020. "Effect of Vanadium on Growth, Photosynthesis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Cell Death of Rice." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 20, no. 4: 2643-2656.
The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Due to the global threat, many countries impose immediate lockdown. The impact of lockdown on the environmental pollutants and climate indicators gained considerable attention in the literature. This study aims to describe the variations in the environmental pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10) with and without the lockdown period in the majorly hit states and provinces of the USA and China, respectively. Data during the first quarter year of 2019 and 2020 (lockdown period) was used in this study. Moreover, the effect of these pollutants on the pandemic spread was also studied. The results illustrated that the overall concentrations of CO, NO2 and PM2.5 were decreased by 19.28%, 36.7% and 1.10%, respectively, while PM10 and SO2 were increased by 27.81% and 3.81% respectively in five selected states of the USA during the lockdown period. However, in the case of chosen provinces of China, overall, the concentrations of all selected pollutants, i.e., CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10, were reduced by 26.53%, 38.98%, 18.36%, 17.78% and 37.85%, respectively. The COVID-19 reported cases and deaths were significantly correlated with NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 in both China and the USA. The findings of this study concluded that the limited anthropogenic activities in the lockdown situation due to this novel pandemic disease result in a significant improvement of air quality by reducing the concentrations of environmental pollutants. As the trend goes on, the reduction of most pollutant concentrations is expected as long as partial or complete lockdown goes on. Graphical abstract
Awais Shakoor; Xiaoyong Chen; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Umer Shahzad; Fatima Ashraf; Abdul Rehman; Najam e Sahar; Wende Yan. Fluctuations in environmental pollutants and air quality during the lockdown in the USA and China: two sides of COVID-19 pandemic. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2020, 13, 1335 -1342.
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Xiaoyong Chen, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Umer Shahzad, Fatima Ashraf, Abdul Rehman, Najam e Sahar, Wende Yan. Fluctuations in environmental pollutants and air quality during the lockdown in the USA and China: two sides of COVID-19 pandemic. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 2020; 13 (11):1335-1342.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Xiaoyong Chen; Taimoor Hassan Farooq; Umer Shahzad; Fatima Ashraf; Abdul Rehman; Najam e Sahar; Wende Yan. 2020. "Fluctuations in environmental pollutants and air quality during the lockdown in the USA and China: two sides of COVID-19 pandemic." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 13, no. 11: 1335-1342.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly universal greenhouse gas associated with climate change. However, beyond CO2, some other greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), being two notable gases, contribute to global warming. Since 1900, the concentrations of CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions have been elevating, and due to the effects of the previous industrial revolution which is responsible for climate forcing. Globally, emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O from agricultural sectors are increasing as around 1% annually. Moreover, deforestation also contributes 12–17% of total global GHGs. Perhaps, the average temperature is likely to increase globally, at least 2 °C by 2100—by mid-century. These circumstances are responsible for climate forcing, which is the source of various human health diseases and environmental risks. From agricultural soils, rhizospheric microbial communities have a significant role in the emissions of greenhouse gases. Every year, microbial communities release approximately 1.5–3 billion tons of carbon into the atmospheric environment. Microbial nitrification, denitrification, and respiration are the essential processes that affect the nitrogen cycle in the terrestrial environment. In the twenty-first century, climate change is the major threat faced by human beings. Climate change adversely influences human health to cause numerous diseases due to their direct association with climate change. This review highlights the different anthropogenic GHG emission sources, the response of microbial communities to climate change, climate forcing potential, and mitigation strategies through different agricultural management approaches and microbial communities.
Awais Shakoor; Fatima Ashraf; Saba Shakoor; Adnan Mustafa; Abdul Rehman; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Adnan Mustafa. Biogeochemical transformation of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial to atmospheric environment and potential feedback to climate forcing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 38513 -38536.
AMA StyleAwais Shakoor, Fatima Ashraf, Saba Shakoor, Adnan Mustafa, Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Mohsin Altaf, Adnan Mustafa. Biogeochemical transformation of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial to atmospheric environment and potential feedback to climate forcing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (31):38513-38536.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAwais Shakoor; Fatima Ashraf; Saba Shakoor; Adnan Mustafa; Abdul Rehman; Muhammad Mohsin Altaf; Adnan Mustafa. 2020. "Biogeochemical transformation of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial to atmospheric environment and potential feedback to climate forcing." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31: 38513-38536.