In Nigeria, several studies have assessed the prevalence of overweight/obesity with different reports. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze these overweight and obesity reports from different locations in Nigeria over the last ten years. In addition, there was a dearth of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the prevalence, trends, and demographic characteristics of overweight and obesity in the country. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional population-based studies among adult Nigerians on the prevalence of overweight/ obesity (defined by body mass index) published from January 2010 to December 2020. Relevant abstracts were scrutinized and articles that included adults of all age groups and were not restricted to a particular group of people (e.g. university community) were selected. Each article was scrutinized by more than 2 authors before selection. The prevalence of overweight/obesity among all participants, among men and among women in Nigeria and its 6 geopolitical zones was determined. All analyses were performed using STATA version 14 (Stata Corp. College Station, Texas, USA). Thirty-three studies were selected and the number of participants was 37,205. The estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity was 27.6%, and 14.5% respectively. The prevalence of overweight among men and among women was 26.3% and 28.3% respectively and, the prevalence of obesity among men and women was 10.9% and 23.0% respectively. The prevalence of overweight in the 6 geopolitical zones was Southeast 29.3%, Southwest 29.3%, South-south 27.9%, Northwest 27.2%, North-central 25.3%, Northeast 20.0% and obesity South-south 24.7%, Southeast 15.7%, Southwest 13.9%, Northwest 10.4%, North-central 10.2%, Northeast 6.4%. Egger’s tests showed no statistically significant publication bias among the studies that reported the overweight and obesity prevalence respectively (p = 0.225, P 0.350). The prevalence of overweight/obesity in Nigeria is high. The southern geopolitical zones had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity.

Introduction: Triple burden of malnutrition in children remains a significant public health issue. This scoping review aims to assess the information on undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and the quality of complementary feeding in various regions in Nigeria.Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases from January 1, 2018 to January 31, 2023 to include studies focusing on 0 to 5 years old children in Nigeria, reporting data on nutritional status, nutrient deficiencies, and published in English.Results: 73 out of 1,545 articles were included. Stunting remained alarmingly high ranging from 7.2% (Osun, South West) to 61% (Kaduna, North Central), while wasting varied from 1% (Ibadan, South West) to 29% (FCT Abuja, Central) and underweight from 5.9% (Osun, South West) to 42.6% (Kano, North West) respectively. The overall prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency ranged between 55.2 to 75.1 % and 5.3 to 67.6%, respectively. Low rates of achieving minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency were reported across different states depicting the suboptimal quality of complementary feeding. The prevalence of overweight/obesity ranged from 1.5% (Rivers, South South) to 25.9% (Benue, North Central).Conclusion: Multiple early childhood malnutrition issues exist with a wide disparity across states in Nigeria, particularly in the Northern region. Targeted nutrition interventions must be implemented to improve the situation.

The Outpatient Therapeutic Program (OTP) for treatment brings the management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) closer to the community. Many lives have been saved through this approach, but little data exists on the outcome of the children after discharge from such programmes. This study was aimed to determine the survival and nutritional status of children at six months after discharge from OTP for SAM. This was a prospective study of children with SAM admitted into 10 OTPs in two local government areas of Jigawa state from June 2016 to July 2016. Home visits at six months after discharge enabled the collection of data on survival and nutritional status. The primary outcome measures were survival and nutritional status (Mid upper arm circumference and weight-for-height z-score). Of 494 children with SAM, 410 were discharged and 379 were followed up. Of these, 354, (93.4%) were found alive while 25 (6.6%) died. Among the survivors 333 (94.1%) had MUAC ≥12.5cm and 64 (18.1%) had WHZ<-3. Mortality rates were higher 10 (8.4%) among the 6-11months old. Most deaths 16 (64%) occurred within the first 3months post-discharge. Those who died were significantly more stunted, p = 0.016 and had a smaller head circumference, p = 0.005 on entry to OTP programme. There was improvement from admission to six months follow up in the number of children with complete immunization (27.4% to 35.6%), and a decrease in the number of unimmunized children (34.8% vs 20.6%) at follow-up. The study demonstrates good post discharge survival rate and improved nutritional status for SAM patients managed in OTPs. There were, however considerable post discharge mortality, especially in the first three months and lower immunization uptake post discharge. A follow-up programme will improve these indices further.

Objective: This study is to determine the pattern of overweight and obesity and its relationship with childhood anthropometric status in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jos, Nigeria. Interviewer administered questionnaire was used in data collection. Maternal and child anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard WHO methods. Child anthropometric Z scores were obtained from WHO Anthroplus while BMI of mothers were also determined. Totally, 262 mother-child pairs were recruited. Results: Mean maternal age and mean child age were 30.8 ± 6.3 yrs (15-47 yrs) and 22.3 ± 18.7 months (3-72 months). Prevalence of maternal underweight, overweight and obesity was 4.2% (11/262), 29.4% (77/262) and 25.9% (68/262), respectively. Child overweight/obesity was 5.4% (14/262), severe under-nutrition 5.7% (15/262). Mean maternal BMI was higher in the older, more educated and higher socioeconomic status (SES). Child mean birth-weight, weight-for-age Z-score and BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) were higher among mothers with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m ² . All large-for-age babies were in mothers with maternal BMI ≥ 25 kg/m ² . Childhood over-nutrition was more common in maternal BMI of ≥25 kg/m ² . Overall, BAZ was directly related with maternal BMI, maternal age and birth-weight, although it was inversely related with maternal BM I ≥ 25 kg/m ² . Conclusion: Higher BMI is seen in educated and higher SES mothers and this impact on childhood anthropometry.

Heterotopia of pancreatic tissue in the thorax and mediastinum is uncommon, although, a common developmental anomaly in the gastrointestinal tract where the aberrant tissue is a component of gastrointestinal duplication cysts, intralobular pulmonary sequestration or teratomas. We report a case of an ectopic pancreas located in a giant mediastinal cyst in a 2-year old girl who presented with severe dyspnoea due to external compression of the intra-thoracic structures, mainly the right main bronchus. Surgical resection was carried out with complete relief of symptoms. The cyst was confirmed histopathologically to contain pancreatic tissue. Literature review showed that this is an uncommon presentation hence the need to report the case. Heterotopia of the pancreas although, an uncommon occurrence in the thorax and mediastinum, should be considered when dealing with cystic lesions of the mediastinum and surgery plays an important role in its management. JUTH/DCS/ADM/127/XXV/203. Registered 2nd September 2018.

Objectives: To determine the utility of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in identifying acutely malnourished children compared with weight-for-height (WHZ), body mass index (BMI) for age (BAZ) and MUAC z-score (MUACZ) in clinical and field practice. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Children from immunisation and paediatric outpatient clinics of Jos University Teaching Hospital and two schools in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Subjects: Children 6–59 months with parental consent, and no chronic medical condition or pedal oedema. Outcome measures: MUAC, height and weight were measured. The WHZ, BAZ and MUACZ were determined using the World Health Organisation (WHO) Anthro software 3.0. Prevalence of acute malnutrition was compared between these data and those given by MUAC. The World Health Organisation (WHO) z-score cut-off of < -3 and < -2 and MUAC of ≤ 11.5 cm and 11.6 –12.5 cm was used to define severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), respectively. Stata 12SE was used to determine frequency distribution, means and significance. Results: The mean age of subjects was 22.4 ± 15.5 months. The mean MUAC was 14.7 ± 1.5 cm. The MUAC differed between males and females in the age-groups of 6–11 (p = 0.02) and 36–47 (p = 0.006) months. The prevalence of SAM by WHZ was 3.4%, MUAC was 1.5%, BAZ was 4.3% and MUACZ was 1.0%. When compared, WHZ and BAZ were concordant in 77.8% (p = 0.001) of SAM subjects. MUAC and MUACZ indicated that none of the subjects were classified as SAM by WHZ and BAZ. Conclusion: Neither WHZ or MUAC as a single parameter identifies all children with acute malnutrition. A re-definition of MUAC criteria for malnutrition or consistent application of both parameters is required.