Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option. Objective: In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials. Methods: These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays. Results: Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days. Conclusions: The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global issue, because these microbes produce beta-Lactamase that degrades antibiotics. To overcome this issue, worldwide researchers have focused on nanoparticles. It is because of their unique chemical and biological properties and their use as an antimicrobial and larvicidal agent to get rid of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using Acorn fruit as a novel and phytochemical-rich plant and evaluated their antimicrobial and larvicide potentials. These ZnO NPs synthesis were confirmed by Visual observation of color change from yellowish to dark brown and UV visible analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of prepared nanoparticles revealed a sharp peak at 600–450 cm^− 1 indicating the presence of Zn-O stretching vibration. The prominent, sharp peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern verified the crystalline structure of ZnO NPs. With scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting a tiny size indicated good surface morphology. In biological activities these ZnO NPs revealed outstanding antibacterial efficacy against E. coli (minimum zone of inhibition 15 ± 02 mm at 10 µg/ml and maximum 24 ± 05 mm at 80 µg/ml) and S.aureus (minimum zone of inhibition 17 ± 03 mm at 10 µg/ml and 26 ± 02 mm at 80 µg/ml). In the in-silico analysis, these nanoparticles demonstrated a considerable interaction with the Beta-Lactamase binding site residues with a docking score of -8.2 kcal/mol. It confirms the successful inhibition of the given enzyme, which catalyzes a lot of antibiotics. Thus, these nanoparticles combated microbes by blocking their resistive enzyme, which is the novel property of these ZnO NPs. Furthermore, these ZnO NPs showed high mortality rates against the Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and the LC 50 and LC 90 values were found as 13.6 ppm and 45 ppm respectively. In histopathological observation, they found that these nanoparticles caused microvilli destruction. It also initiated mid-gut columnar cell vacuolization, passage of epithelial cell contents into the mid-gut lumen and ultimately cell death. Hence, the above findings propose that the synthesized ZnO NPs may be used for various environmental and anti-pathogenic applications.

Deficiency and futility of insulin lead to a serious metabolic disorder known as Diabetes. It affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to overcome such life-threatening diseases, yet the risk is substantial. Echo-friendly silver nanoparticles have been effectively used in multiple ways. For instance, decomposition of harmful contaminants, water refining, sterilization, food conservation, nano-insecticides and cosmetics. In current research, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extract of Azdirachta indica seeds, characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM and AFM analysis.These AgNPs were assessed for their anti-diabetic activities using α-amylase inhibitory and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. In the alpha-amylase inhibitory assay,the lowest % inhibition was noted as 26.6±1.53% at 10 µg/ml and the highest 79.33±2.21% at 100 µg/ml. Whereas acarbose (standard drug) showed % inhibition at 10 µg/ml 30.50±1.53% and that of 100µg/ml 82 ±3%. The percent inhibitory values of alpha-glucosidase at 10µg/ml were noted 25.3±0.6% and at 100 µg/ml 80±1.51%. Whereas Acarbose, revealed %inhibition at10µg/ml 28.6±2.09% and at100µg/ml 83.13±1.26% respectively. For results confirmation, molecular docking was conducted to assess the biological interaction between the silver nanoparticles, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The docking score of silver nanoparticles against α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found as -5.6164, -5.0013 and that of Acarbose was -6.9441,-7.1956 respectively.The docking score number of interactions of acarbose is relatively high in comparison to the nanoparticle, which is in agreement with the experimental findings. From the current research, it is concluded that the given silver nanoparticles have considerable inhibitory effects on the key enzymes that are involved in diabetes.