Essexites of Kestanbol pluton have significant amount of iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), Rare Earth Elements (REE) and thorium (Th) and considered as the source of Geyikli Heavy Mineral Sands (HMS). Geyikli HMS were enriched by the minerals of magnetite, rutile, monazite and apatite. In Geyikli HMS, REE contents (up to 0,25%) were rised by 4-5 times during placer deposition, mainly caused by the enriching of weathering resistant REE bearing dense phosphate minerals and zircon. On the other hand, Fe (up to 11%) and Ti (up to 2,5%) enrichments are heavily dependent on the magnetite, titanomagnetite and rutile minerals. By using the basic physical mineral processing techniques such sieving, shaking tables, multi gravity seperators, magnetic seperation, it is possible to reach higher grades for both REE and Fe-Ti and to have better initial values for electrochemical mineral processing techniques.

This study explores the magmatic and hydrothermal evolution of porphyry–skarn–transitional Cu-Mo-W-Au systems within the Nilüfer Mineralization Complex (NMC), located in the westernmost segment of the Eocene Tavşanlı Metallogenic Belt, NW Türkiye. Through integration of field data, whole-rock geochemistry, Re–Os molybdenite dating, and amphibole–biotite mineral chemistry, the petrogenetic controls on mineralization across four spatially associated mineralized regions (Kirazgedik, Güneybudaklar, Kozbudaklar, and Delice) were examined. The earliest and thermally most distinct phase is represented by the Kirazgedik porphyry system, characterized by high temperature (~930 °C), oxidized quartz monzodioritic intrusions emplaced at ~2.7 kbar. Rising fO₂ and volatile enrichment during magma ascent facilitated structurally focused Cu-Mo mineralization. At Güneybudaklar, Re–Os geochronology yields an age of ~49.9 Ma, linking Mo- and W-rich mineralization to a transitional porphyry–skarn environment developed under moderately oxidized (ΔFMQ + 1.8 to +0.5) and hydrous (up to 7 wt.% H₂O) magmatic conditions. Kozbudaklar represents a more reduced, volatile-poor skarn system, leading to Mo-enriched scheelite mineralization typical of late-stage W-skarns. The Delice system, developed at the contact of felsic cupolas and carbonates, records the broadest range of redox and fluid compositions. Mixed oxidized–reduced fluid signatures and intense fluid–rock interaction reflect complex, multistage fluid evolution involving both magmatic and external inputs. Geochemical and mineralogical trends—from increasing silica and Rb to decreasing Sr and V—trace a systematic evolution from mantle-derived to felsic, volatile-rich magmas. Structurally, mineralization is controlled by oblique fault zones that localize magma emplacement and hydrothermal flow. These findings support a unified genetic model in which porphyry and skarn mineralization styles evolved continuously from multiphase magmatic systems during syn-to-post-subduction processes, offering implications for exploration models in the Western Tethyan domain.

The Ozvatan carbonatite complex is located on the Eastern Part of the Central Anatolia, Turkey and host considerable Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) mineralizations. The carbonatites in Ozvatan complex are mostly coarse grained calcio-carbonatites (sövites) with fluorites and minor opaque minerals. The carbonatites were intruded into silica undersaturated nepheline syenites and caused an intense fenitization process. The calcio-carbonatites of the study are were predominantly enriched in terms of La (up to 995 ppm), Ce (up to 1386 ppm) and Nd (up to 211 ppm). Also some of the LILE’s are enriched including Sr (up to 2%) and Ba (up to 0.75) as expected. The stable δ13CV-PDB and δ18OV-SMOW values of the Ozvatan carbonatites represent fractional crystallization and hydrothermal alteration trends. The δ13C values (-6.0 – 4.1 ‰) are generally in tune with worldwide carbonatite range. However, it cannot be concluded as a primary ignous carbonatitic melt due to relatively high δ13CV-PDB values. The δ18O values (13.3 – 49.3 ‰) are also high mostly cauesed by the high intensity hydrothermal activities (fenitization) or the contamination of meta-carbonate basement rocks. Overall, it can be stated that the, carbonatites of the Ozvatan are products of fractionation of a carbonated silicate melt, low temprature metasomatism and crustal contamination. Keywords: Alkaline Magmatism, Carbonatite, Stable isotopes

Magmatic Suite around Uludag Massif contains some alkaline (A-type or highly fractionated felsic I-type) granites that developed in post-collisional plate tectonic conditions. Their genesis involved by Eocene calc-alkaline and Oligocene strongly peraluminous granite magmatism. Their emplacement is linked to strike-slip shear movements and/or extension that occur after the Neo-Tethys collisional events. These granites are spatially related to the Izmir-Ankara Suture Zone (IASZ). The majority of these alkaline granites are formed by middle or lower crustal anatexis, extracted melt restite of I-type granites. Previously non-melted mafic meta-tonalites are considered to represent their source rocks. The mechanism for the required high melting temperatures will be well explained by our new model. However, models based on partial delamination of the base of the lithosphere or asthenospheric upwelling due to steepening and breaking of the subducted Tethyan oceanic slab are still consistent. As is the case for many well-known post-collisional regimes, transpressional to transtensional and/or moderately extensional tectonism predominates throughout to region. Although crustal thickening does not appear evident as in the notable arcs and microcontinent collisions, uplifting of particular regions associated with post-collisional calc-alkaline granite emplacement is observable. Understanding the nature of post-collisional highly fractionated granites around Uludag will extend the view of how Western Anatolia was affected by Alpine Orogeny in the Tethyan Realm. The challenge is drawing the geochemistry line for the tectono-magmatic setting between post-collision to post-orogenic. Describing the nature of alkaline magmatism through late-stage orogeny to intra-plate setting may need to be more precise because of trace elements' overprinting. However, a holistic view of the magmatism and source rocks points out a synchronous crustal growth and crustal rework. Our new possible geodynamic scenario suggests crust–mantle decoupling combined with slab retreat results in thinning of the lithospheric mantle. The 75-80 km decoupling depth calculated from obducted blueschists of Tavsanlı Zone confirms the plate motions controlled thermal relaxation temperature is enough at the base of the lithosphere for the geotherm-induced magma generation for the Tavsanlı Zone.