This paper presents the results of applying hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDESs) for the extraction of metal ions from a real hydrochloric acid solution after leaching the cathodes of three different types of Li-ion batteries. Aliquat 336-, D2EHPA- and menthol-based HDESs developed by us were used in this study. The optimal HCl leaching conditions chosen are 80 °C, 2 M HCl, 6 h, solid:liquid ratio = 1:25. The results of stepwise separation of the major elements using extraction with HDESs are presented. The HDESs used in the cross-current extraction made it possible to extract all elements with extraction ratios above 98%. It was shown that the suggested method could potentially be used in the process of recycling end-of-life Li-ion batteries.

This article presents an ecologically safe aqueous two-phase system based on poly(ethylene oxide) with a molecular weight of 1500, designed for complex extraction of Ni(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Al(III) from nitrate solutions. A kinetic dependence has been investigated for a distribution ratio for the metals examined. The influence of pH-values, temperature, initial metal concentration, and nitric acid content have on the extraction of a wide range of metals in the heterogeneous poly(ethylene oxide) 1500-NaNO₃-H₂O system has been discovered. As a result, the complex extraction of metals (E_Me > 60%) was achieved in one step of extraction without introducing additional chemicals into the system.

Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) are widely used as extractants. Usually, when preparing HDES, only the extraction ability of one component is taken into account, with the second serving as an “inert” component, whose effect on the extraction process is not taken into account. The present study demonstrates the possibility of controlling the selectivity of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) by varying the substance that acts as a hydrogen bond donor, but which does not have an extractive ability. In the course of the work, the influence of the “inert” component on the physicochemical and extraction properties of HDES was confirmed by experimental, spectroscopic, and also calculation methods. A number of phenols with different structural features were chosen as the HDES’ hydrogen bond donors to modify: phenol (Ph), para-tert-butylphenol (PTBP) and thymol (Th). Using the example of separation of the Sm/Co pair, the influence of the structure of a hydrogen bond donor on the extraction ability of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent was established, where the degree of extraction of Sm (III) increased in the series Th:TOPO < PTBP:TOPO < Ph:TOPO. HDES based on TOPO and phenols can potentially be used to separate Sm and Co from the process leach solutions generated during the hydrometallurgical processing of waste SmCo magnets.

A new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) based on di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and menthol has been proposed for the extraction of Al(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized deep eutectic solvent are determined as a function of temperature. The kinetics of the extraction of metal ions from hydrochloric acid solutions in an extraction system with an HDES has been studied. A comprehensive study of the extraction of metal ions with the proposed deep eutectic solvent was carried out under various conditions: the effect on the extraction of metal ions of the pH values of the aqueous phase, the ratio of the donor and acceptor of the hydrogen bond of the deep eutectic solvent, the volume ratio of the phases, and the concentration of chloride ions were described. It is shown that the proposed HDES can potentially be used to extract studied metal ions from aqueous solutions.

A choline chloride–sulfosalicylic acid deep eutectic solvent (DES) is proposed for dissolving the oxides Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), Ni(III) and Mn(III). An experimental study of the influence of the dissolution time, solid : liquid mass ratio, temperature, and molar ratio of choline chloride and sulfosalicylic acid on the dissolution of metal oxides in the proposed DES has been carried out. The mechanism of dissolution of the investigated metal oxides has been established. It is shown that choline chloride–sulfosalicylic acid DES can potentially be used for the efficient leaching of metals from components of spent chemical power sources.