Chemosensors based on traditional fluorescent dyes have always contributed to the development of chemical sensor areas. In this review, the rhodamine-based chemosensors’ improvements and applications from 2018 to 2022 are discussed, mainly focusing on cations (metal ions and H⁺), anions (CN⁻, F⁻, etc.), and small bio-functional molecules’ (thiols, amino acids, etc.) detection. Specifically, this review highlights the detection target, detection limit, detection solution system, detection mechanism, and performance of the rhodamine-based sensors. Although these rhodamine-based sensors are well developed, their repeatability and sensitivity still need significant improvement. This review is expected to bring new clues and bright ideas to researchers for further advances in rhodamine-based chemosensors in the future.