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The increasing use of tungsten in the production of green energy in the aerospace and military industries, and in many other hi-tech applications, may increase the content of this element in soil. This overview examines some aspects of the behavior of tungsten in soil, such as the importance of characteristics of soils in relation to bioavailability processes, the chemical approaches to evaluate tungsten mobility in the soil environment and the importance of adsorption and desorption processes. Tungsten behavior depends on soil properties of which the most important is soil pH, which determines the solubility and polymerization of tungstate ions and the characteristics of the adsorbing soil surfaces. During the adsorption and desorption of tungsten, iron, and aluminum oxides, and hydroxides play a key role as they are the most important adsorbing surfaces for tungsten. The behavior of tungsten compounds in the soil determines the transfer of this element in plants and therefore in the food chain. Despite the growing importance of tungsten in everyday life, environmental regulations concerning soil do not take this element into consideration. The purpose of this review is also to provide some basic information that could be useful when considering tungsten in environmental legislation.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. The Dynamics of Tungsten in Soil: An Overview. Environments 2021, 8, 66 .
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron. The Dynamics of Tungsten in Soil: An Overview. Environments. 2021; 8 (7):66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. 2021. "The Dynamics of Tungsten in Soil: An Overview." Environments 8, no. 7: 66.
Phytoremediation is a sustainable technology capable of efficiently removing low or moderate contamination. However, complex pollution conditions can drastically reduce efficiency, as plants can show themselves sensitive to organic contaminants, growing slowly and thus impairing metals' absorption. In cases where the action of indigenous bacteria degrading hydrocarbons and promoting plant growth is not sufficient, more sophisticated strategies are necessary. This investigation aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a train of technologies that sees advanced phytoremediation in combination with other biological approaches to remediate soil from a disused industrial area contaminated by N-containing compounds, alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, copper, and nickel. In particular, a stepwise procedure was used with a pre-treatment (landfarming and bioaugmentation), significantly affecting the soil's fertility, increasing germinability up to 85%, and allowing the plants to extract the metals adequately. Furthermore, with EDTA as a mobilizing agent, nickel absorption has increased up to 36% in Helianthus annuus and up to 88% in Zea mays. For copper, an increase of up to 262% in Helianthus annuus and up to 202% in Zea Mays was obtained. Analysis through Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry highlighted the biodegradation of some of the N-containing compounds recording, after phytoremediation, a decrease of up to almost 90%. Metagenomic analysis of the soil showed a typical microbial population of oxidizing hydrocarbon strains with a prevalence of the Nocardiaceae family (43%). The results obtained appear to confirm the usefulness of the approach developed, and the employed cutting-edge analytical techniques allowed a top-notch characterization of the remediation scenario.
Alessandro Conte; Stefano Chiaberge; Francesca Pedron; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Marco Vocciante; Elisabetta Franchi; Ilaria Pietrini. Dealing with complex contamination: A novel approach with a combined bio-phytoremediation strategy and effective analytical techniques. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 288, 112381 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Conte, Stefano Chiaberge, Francesca Pedron, Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Marco Vocciante, Elisabetta Franchi, Ilaria Pietrini. Dealing with complex contamination: A novel approach with a combined bio-phytoremediation strategy and effective analytical techniques. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 288 ():112381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Conte; Stefano Chiaberge; Francesca Pedron; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Marco Vocciante; Elisabetta Franchi; Ilaria Pietrini. 2021. "Dealing with complex contamination: A novel approach with a combined bio-phytoremediation strategy and effective analytical techniques." Journal of Environmental Management 288, no. : 112381.
Effective remediation of contaminated soil requires selecting appropriate technology and adequate strategies. However, activities aimed at the remediation of contaminated sites or the treatment of effluents also have an environmental impact, since they make significant use of chemical products or processes. In the present work, the potential application of different remediation approaches to a real problem of heavy metal contamination was studied by examining the consequences of their environmental impact through a Life Cycle Assessment (CO2 footprint analysis) procedure, with the aim of identifying the least impacting option from an environmental point of view. Phytoremediation (with various options for the disposal of the biomass generated) and the electrokinetic approach (powered by renewable and non-renewable sources) were compared with soil washing (off-site, or ex-situ on-site) and excavation and landfill disposal (commercial or municipal waste). In all cases, the environmental impacts were reported in terms of global warming potential over a period of 100 years and normalized to the cubic meter of soil to be remediated. The analyses considered each process in its entireness (from cradle to grave) and an application on the whole area of the site to be reclaimed (an area of about 700 m2 located in an abandoned industrial district in Tuscany, Italy, and considered a “site of national interest”). The results obtained for each technology were then compared, highlighting those phases, activities and materials that present the greatest impacts for each approach (both in relative and absolute terms) and thus revealing aspects that would otherwise have been difficult to notice, such as the weight of chelating agents in phytoremediation or the use of energy from renewable sources for the electrokinetic approach. The resulting increase in knowledge on the technologies considered opens the way for further “eco-compatible” changes and improvements.
Marco Vocciante; Alessandra De Folly D’Auris; Elisabetta Franchi; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Sergio Ferro. CO2 footprint analysis of consolidated and innovative technologies in remediation activities. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 297, 126723 .
AMA StyleMarco Vocciante, Alessandra De Folly D’Auris, Elisabetta Franchi, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Sergio Ferro. CO2 footprint analysis of consolidated and innovative technologies in remediation activities. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 297 ():126723.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Vocciante; Alessandra De Folly D’Auris; Elisabetta Franchi; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Sergio Ferro. 2021. "CO2 footprint analysis of consolidated and innovative technologies in remediation activities." Journal of Cleaner Production 297, no. : 126723.
The latest developments in photovoltaic studies focus on the best use of the solar spectrum through Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSC). Due to their structural characteristics, LSC panels allow considerable energy savings. This significant saving can also be of great interest in the remediation of contaminated sites, which nowadays requires green interventions characterized by high environmental sustainability. This study reported the evaluation of LSC panels in phytoremediation feasibility tests. Three plant species were used at a microcosm scale on soil contaminated by arsenic and lead. The experiments were conducted by comparing plants grown under LSC panels doped with Lumogen Red F305 (BASF) with plants grown under polycarbonate panels used for greenhouse construction. The results showed a higher production of biomass by the plants grown under the LSC panels. The uptake of the two contaminants by plants was the same in both the growing conditions, thus resulting in an increased total accumulation (defined as metal concentration times produced biomass) in plants grown under LSC panels, indicating an overall higher phytoextraction efficiency. This seems to confirm the potential that LSCs have to be building-integrated on greenhouse roofs, canopies, and shelters to produce electricity while increasing plants productivity, thus reducing environmental pollution, and increasing sustainability.
Francesca Pedron; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Elisabetta Franchi; Carmen Samà; Liliana Gila; Stefano Zanardi; Stefano Palmery; Antonio Proto; Marco Vocciante. New Light on Phytoremediation: The Use of Luminescent Solar Concentrators. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1923 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Pedron, Martina Grifoni, Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Elisabetta Franchi, Carmen Samà, Liliana Gila, Stefano Zanardi, Stefano Palmery, Antonio Proto, Marco Vocciante. New Light on Phytoremediation: The Use of Luminescent Solar Concentrators. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (4):1923.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Pedron; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Elisabetta Franchi; Carmen Samà; Liliana Gila; Stefano Zanardi; Stefano Palmery; Antonio Proto; Marco Vocciante. 2021. "New Light on Phytoremediation: The Use of Luminescent Solar Concentrators." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1923.
The adsorption and desorption process of the tungstate ion was studied in three soils characteristic of the Mediterranean area, with particularly reference to bioavailability pathways. In the three soils examined, the tungstate adsorption was described by a Langmuir-type equation, while the desorption process showed that not all the adsorbed tungstate was released, probably due to the formation of different bonds with the adsorbing soil surfaces. The pH was found to be the main soil property that regulates the adsorption/desorption: The maximum adsorption occurred in the soil with the acidic pH, and the maximum desorption in the most basic soil. In addition, the organic matter content played a fundamental role in the adsorption of tungstate by soils, being positively correlated with the maximum of adsorption. These results indicate that the lowest bioavailability should be expected in the acidic soil characterized by the highest adsorption capacity. This is confirmed by the trend of the maximum buffer capacity (MBC) of soils which is inversely related to bioavailability, and was the highest in the acidic soil and the lowest in the most basic soil. Our data could contribute in drafting environmental regulations for tungsten that are currently lacking for Mediterranean soils.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. Adsorption, Desorption and Bioavailability of Tungstate in Mediterranean Soils. Soil Systems 2020, 4, 53 .
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron. Adsorption, Desorption and Bioavailability of Tungstate in Mediterranean Soils. Soil Systems. 2020; 4 (3):53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. 2020. "Adsorption, Desorption and Bioavailability of Tungstate in Mediterranean Soils." Soil Systems 4, no. 3: 53.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility in soil: a short review and a case study. AIMS Environmental Science 2020, 7, 208 -225.
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron, Irene Rosellini. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility in soil: a short review and a case study. AIMS Environmental Science. 2020; 7 (2):208-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini. 2020. "Bioavailability and bioaccessibility in soil: a short review and a case study." AIMS Environmental Science 7, no. 2: 208-225.
Tungsten is largely used in high-tech and military industries. Soils are increasingly enriched in this element, and its transfer in the food chain is an issue of great interest. This study evaluated the influence of soil characteristics on tungsten uptake by Zea mays grown on three soils, spiked with increasing tungsten concentrations. The soils, classified as Histosol, Vertisol, and Fluvisol, are characteristic of the Mediterranean area. The uptake of the element by Zea mays was strictly dependent on the soil characteristics. As the pH of soils increases, tungsten concentrations in the roots and shoots of the plants increased. Also, humic substances showed a great influence on tungsten uptake, which decreased with increasing organic matter of soils. Tungsten uptake by Zea mays can be described by a Freundlich-like equation. This soil-to-plant transfer model may be useful in promoting environmental regulations on the hazards of this element in the environment.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. Influence of Increasing Tungsten Concentrations and Soil Characteristics on Plant Uptake: Greenhouse Experiments with Zea mays. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 3998 .
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron. Influence of Increasing Tungsten Concentrations and Soil Characteristics on Plant Uptake: Greenhouse Experiments with Zea mays. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (19):3998.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. 2019. "Influence of Increasing Tungsten Concentrations and Soil Characteristics on Plant Uptake: Greenhouse Experiments with Zea mays." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19: 3998.
XANES spectra of soils and Cr vs. Ni correlations indicated significant findings on the occurrence of a geogenic origin of chromium in soils from the Cecina Valley, Tuscany (Italy).
Eliana Tassi; Martina Grifoni; Fabrizio Bardelli; Giuliana Aquilanti; Sonia La Felice; Antonella Iadecola; Pierfranco Lattanzi; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli. Evidence for the natural origins of anomalously high chromium levels in soils of the Cecina Valley (Italy). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2018, 20, 965 -976.
AMA StyleEliana Tassi, Martina Grifoni, Fabrizio Bardelli, Giuliana Aquilanti, Sonia La Felice, Antonella Iadecola, Pierfranco Lattanzi, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli. Evidence for the natural origins of anomalously high chromium levels in soils of the Cecina Valley (Italy). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 2018; 20 (6):965-976.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEliana Tassi; Martina Grifoni; Fabrizio Bardelli; Giuliana Aquilanti; Sonia La Felice; Antonella Iadecola; Pierfranco Lattanzi; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli. 2018. "Evidence for the natural origins of anomalously high chromium levels in soils of the Cecina Valley (Italy)." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 6: 965-976.
The removal of contaminants from an earthy matrix by phytoremediation requires the selection of appropriate plant species and a suitable strategy to be effective. In order to set up an assisted phytoremediation intervention related to a disused industrial site affected by an arsenic and lead complex contamination, an extensive experimental investigation on micro and mesocosm scale has been conducted. Particular attention was given to the choice of plant species: using crop plants (Lupinus albus, Helianthus annuus and Brassica juncea) a series of parallel test campaigns have been realized to investigate different scenarios for the reclamation. With regard to the arsenic contamination, which is certainly the most worrying, the possibility of employing a hyper-accumulator species (Pteris vittata) has also been investigated, highlighting advantages and difficulties associated with such an approach. The application of various mobilizing agents in different concentrations was tested, in order to maximize the extraction efficiency of plants in respect of both contaminants, showing the necessity of a chemically assisted approach to promote their uptake and translocation in the shoots. Phosphate addition appears to produce the desired results, positively affecting As phyto-extraction for both hyper-accumulator and crop plants, while minimizing its toxic effects at the investigated concentrations. With regard to Pb, although tests with EDDS have been encouraging, EDTA should be preferred at present due to lower uncertainties about its effectiveness. The performed tests also improved the addition of mobilizing agents, allowing the simultaneous removal of the two metals despite their great diversity (which in general discourages such approach), with significant saving of time and an obvious improvement of the overall process.
Meri Barbafieri; Francesca Pedron; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin; Marco Vocciante. Assisted phytoremediation of a multi-contaminated soil: Investigation on arsenic and lead combined mobilization and removal. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 203, 316 -329.
AMA StyleMeri Barbafieri, Francesca Pedron, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Irene Rosellini, Elisabetta Franchi, Roberto Bagatin, Marco Vocciante. Assisted phytoremediation of a multi-contaminated soil: Investigation on arsenic and lead combined mobilization and removal. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 203 ():316-329.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeri Barbafieri; Francesca Pedron; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin; Marco Vocciante. 2017. "Assisted phytoremediation of a multi-contaminated soil: Investigation on arsenic and lead combined mobilization and removal." Journal of Environmental Management 203, no. : 316-329.
Phytoextraction is a low-cost technology with negligible environmental impacts. A major issue at the field scale is the heterogeneity of contaminant concentration since the entire site needs to be treated evenly even though zones may need different incisiveness in the treatment. The concentration ratio (Cshoot/Csoil) is generally used to evaluate plant species performance and it includes for simplicity an assumption of linearity in the uptake behavior, although deviation from linearity has been observed in several studies. This work describes a phytoextraction feasibility test, conducted at a greenhouse scale for the remediation of an arsenic-contaminated site. Since a feasibility test should also provide an uptake model that accounts for plant growth in heterogeneous areas, the investigation focused on defining the uptake behavior of the various selected species growing in a site with homogeneous soil properties, but with considerable differences in arsenic concentration. Among the many models selectable to describe the soil-to-plant transfer, the Freundlich-like approach was tested. While remaining easy to handle, the non-linear model selected proves to be adequate to predict the arsenic uptake despite the complex contamination considered, thus allowing a more realistic prediction of the potential of a field-scale phytoremediation procedure.
Francesca Pedron; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin; Marco Vocciante. Applicability of a Freundlich-Like Model for Plant Uptake at an Industrial Contaminated Site with a High Variable Arsenic Concentration. Environments 2017, 4, 67 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Pedron, Martina Grifoni, Meri Barbafieri, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Irene Rosellini, Elisabetta Franchi, Roberto Bagatin, Marco Vocciante. Applicability of a Freundlich-Like Model for Plant Uptake at an Industrial Contaminated Site with a High Variable Arsenic Concentration. Environments. 2017; 4 (4):67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Pedron; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin; Marco Vocciante. 2017. "Applicability of a Freundlich-Like Model for Plant Uptake at an Industrial Contaminated Site with a High Variable Arsenic Concentration." Environments 4, no. 4: 67.
The study of tungsten in the environment is currently of considerable interest because of the growing concerns resulting from its possible toxicity and carcinogenicity. Adsorption reactions are some of the fundamental processes governing the fate and transport of tungsten compounds in soil. This paper reports data on the adsorption of tungstate ions in three different Italian soils, which are characteristic of the Mediterranean region. The results show that pH is the most important factor governing the adsorption of tungstate in these soils. The data interpreted according to the Langmuir equation show that the maximum value of adsorption is approximately 30 mmol kg−1 for the most acidic soil (pH = 4.50) and approximately 9 mmol kg−1 for the most basic soil (pH = 7.40). In addition, soil organic matter is shown to play a fundamental role in adsorption processes, which are favored in soils with a higher organic matter content. The data could contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of tungsten compounds in Italian soils for which current knowledge is very scarce, also in view of environmental regulations, which are currently lacking.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. Tungstate adsorption onto Italian soils with different characteristics. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2017, 189, 1 .
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron. Tungstate adsorption onto Italian soils with different characteristics. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2017; 189 (8):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron. 2017. "Tungstate adsorption onto Italian soils with different characteristics." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189, no. 8: 1.
Mercury is widely distributed throughout the environment. In many contaminated soils other contaminants are present along with mercury; of these, arsenic is one of the most frequently found metals. In the presence of mixed contamination of this kind, remediation technologies must overcome many difficulties due to the different chemical characteristics of the various contaminants. In this study, repeated assisted phytoextraction cycles with Brassica juncea, were conducted on a laboratory scale to evaluate the removal efficiency of mercury and arsenic from a multi-contaminated industrial soil. The possibility of using only one additive, ammonium thiosulphate, to remove mercury and arsenic from co-contaminated soil simultaneously was also investigated. The thiosulfate addition greatly promoted the plant uptake of both contaminants, with an efficiency comparable to that of phosphate specifically used to mobilize specifically arsenic. Repeated additions of mobilizing agents increased metal availability in soil, promoted plant uptake and consequently increased the removal of contaminants in the studied soil. Repeated treatments with thiosulfate increased the concentration of mercury and arsenic in the Brassica juncea aerial part, but due to toxic effects of mercury that reduce biomass production, the total accumulation of both metals in plants tended to decrease at each subsequent re-growth. The use of a single additive to remove both contaminants simultaneously offers several new advantages to phytoextraction technology in terms of reducing cost and time
Martina Grifoni; Francesca Pedron; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Meri Barbafieri; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin. Assessment of repeated harvests on mercury and arsenic phytoextraction in a multi-contaminated industrial soil. AIMS Environmental Science 2017, 4, 187 -205.
AMA StyleMartina Grifoni, Francesca Pedron, Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Irene Rosellini, Meri Barbafieri, Elisabetta Franchi, Roberto Bagatin. Assessment of repeated harvests on mercury and arsenic phytoextraction in a multi-contaminated industrial soil. AIMS Environmental Science. 2017; 4 (2):187-205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Grifoni; Francesca Pedron; Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Irene Rosellini; Meri Barbafieri; Elisabetta Franchi; Roberto Bagatin. 2017. "Assessment of repeated harvests on mercury and arsenic phytoextraction in a multi-contaminated industrial soil." AIMS Environmental Science 4, no. 2: 187-205.
Since the industrial revolution, soil has been increasingly subjected to continuous negative pressure, largely determined by human activities, which have dispersed heavy metals and many persistent organic compounds causing severe soil contamination. Among pollutants, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are ubiquitous and generated also from natural resources, are of particular concern. The simultaneous presence of both kinds of pollutants is very common in brownfield sites, and the clean-up of these areas presents technical difficulties and requires appropriate solutions at a reasonable cost. Remediation technologies have often used invasive processes that greatly damage soil characteristics, causing the deterioration of this important resource. In this chapter, the objectives are to briefly examine the processes involved in heavy metal and PAH reactions in soil in order to evaluate the best possible cost-effective remediation strategies for maintaining a high quality of soil and surrounding environment.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites: Phytoremediation as a Strategy for Addressing the Complexity of Pollution. Phytoremediation 2016, 61 -90.
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron, Irene Rosellini, Martina Grifoni, Meri Barbafieri. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites: Phytoremediation as a Strategy for Addressing the Complexity of Pollution. Phytoremediation. 2016; ():61-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini; Martina Grifoni; Meri Barbafieri. 2016. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites: Phytoremediation as a Strategy for Addressing the Complexity of Pollution." Phytoremediation , no. : 61-90.
Bioavailability is the key to understanding the risks from pollution and to defining remediation strategies, since organisms only respond to the fraction that is biologically available. Plants are able to uptake the substances only if present in available forms in the soil environment; this means that bioavailability is the key to evaluating the feasibility of phytoextraction as a remediation technology.
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini; Meri Barbafieri. The Bioavailability Processes as a Key to Evaluate Phytoremediation Efficiency. Phytoremediation 2014, 31 -43.
AMA StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron, Irene Rosellini, Meri Barbafieri. The Bioavailability Processes as a Key to Evaluate Phytoremediation Efficiency. Phytoremediation. 2014; ():31-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianniantonio Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; Irene Rosellini; Meri Barbafieri. 2014. "The Bioavailability Processes as a Key to Evaluate Phytoremediation Efficiency." Phytoremediation , no. : 31-43.
Guy J Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; G. Gorini; B. Pezzarossa; Eliana Lanfranca Tassi; Meri Barbafieri. Enhanced Bioavailable Contaminant Stripping (EBCS): metal bioavailability for evaluation of phytoextraction success. E3S Web of Conferences 2013, 1, 31001 .
AMA StyleGuy J Petruzzelli, Francesca Pedron, G. Gorini, B. Pezzarossa, Eliana Lanfranca Tassi, Meri Barbafieri. Enhanced Bioavailable Contaminant Stripping (EBCS): metal bioavailability for evaluation of phytoextraction success. E3S Web of Conferences. 2013; 1 ():31001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuy J Petruzzelli; Francesca Pedron; G. Gorini; B. Pezzarossa; Eliana Lanfranca Tassi; Meri Barbafieri. 2013. "Enhanced Bioavailable Contaminant Stripping (EBCS): metal bioavailability for evaluation of phytoextraction success." E3S Web of Conferences 1, no. : 31001.