In recent years, with the intensification of global warming and the greenhouse effect, the global consensus has focused on efficient, clean, low-carbon, and green development as a means of achieving new economic growth. China, as a major carbon emitter, has been at the forefront of efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The establishment of the carbon emissions trading market, commonly known as the “carbon market”, provides an economic solution for reducing carbon emissions in both the carbon and energy markets. As China’s carbon market continues to grow rapidly, fluctuations in the energy or carbon markets caused by information shocks can easily spread between the two markets, leading to increased interconnectedness. Moreover, the spillover effect of the volatility between China’s carbon market and energy market is not constant, and the intensity and direction of this effect vary depending on different market volatility levels and periods. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive study on the characteristics of the volatility spillover effect between China’s carbon market and energy market and to fully understand the mechanism of energy regulation on carbon prices. This research will have significant practical implications for promoting the establishment of a well-functioning internal price transmission mechanism between China’s carbon market and energy market. This study took the risk spillover between the carbon market and energy market as the research object and systematically combed through its pricing mechanism and spillover impact. Through constructing the DY overflow index model based on a VAR model and generalized variance decomposition method, this study explored the linkage between China’s carbon and energy markets, i.e., the linkage of price fluctuations between China’s energy and carbon markets, as well as the time-varying nature of inter-market spillovers, and provides suggestions on the risk control of price fluctuations between the carbon and energy markets.

Wooden structures are prone to fire hazards, and studying their combustion properties is vital for their protection. Samples of fresh pine wood (FP) and pine subjected to artificially accelerated aging (treated at 240 circulation) were collected and prepared for analysis. The heat-release rate, smoke production, and yields of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from both types of pine were assessed using conical calorimetry to determine their combustion characteristics. A historic building in Xi’an was modeled using PyroSim to serve as a representative case. The experimentally obtained combustion characteristics of the two pine wood types were inputted into the model, and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software was utilized to simulate the development of fire in both newly constructed and aging historic buildings. The results suggest that aging impairs the wood’s combustion properties and increases the susceptibility of pine to ignition. Consequently, this accelerates the spread of fire in wooden structures, leading to a rapid increase in temperature and swift smoke production during fires, thus amplifying the fire risk to historic wooden buildings.

At present, with the rapid development of China’s economy and industrial transformation, the situation of China’s occupational health and safety is grim, and at this stage, there are still problems such as unsound laws and regulations and standard system, weak awareness of the primary responsibility of the enterprise, weak supervisory, technical capacity, and backward application of information technology. Based on the current situation of occupational health and safety management at home and abroad and relevant theories, this study adopts the method of systematic review and takes the evaluation of China’s occupational health and safety management system as the theme and conducts a valuable exploration of the evaluation research of China’s occupational health and safety management system, analyzes the current situation of occupational health and safety from the aspects of prevention and control of occupational diseases, prevention and control of safety accidents, and monitoring of the psychology of insecurity, and researches the two aspects of governmental regulation and social responsibility It analyzes the current situation of occupational health and safety from the aspects of prevention and control of occupational diseases, prevention and control of safety accidents and monitoring of unsafe psychology, and studies the current situation of post-performance evaluation of the development of OHS management system from the aspects of government supervision and social responsibility, aiming at providing countermeasure suggestions for the sustainable development of OHS management system in China. The research indicates that in the context of the new economic normal, effectively safeguarding workers’ occupational health rights and interests, promoting sustainable and robust economic and social development, as well as enhancing the sustainability of China’s occupational health and safety management system have emerged as challenging yet pivotal areas for comprehensive exploration.