Ensuring good health and well-being is one of the crucial Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aims to promote healthy lives and well-being for people of all ages. This involves providing affordable and environmentally friendly medical services to the public fairly and equitably. Good health and well-being goals include achieving fair health outcomes and strong healthcare systems. It also highlights the importance of integrating sustainable health considerations into the policy frameworks of developing countries, which are established to address the social factors that influence health. Regarding healthcare reform, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play a pivotal role as key enablers to improve patient access, treatment quality, and system efficiency. This shift in focus also highlights the significance of fostering digital accessibility, sustainability, inventiveness, cybersecurity, and digital leadership. Nevertheless, incorporating progressively advancing ICT technology into healthcare systems, sometimes called digital transformation, is not simple. However, some challenges arise in integration, application design, and security measures. While numerous studies have been suggested to tackle incorporating ICT technologies into healthcare systems, these studies have had limited scope and have not considered several factors. Therefore, there is a pressing need for an extensive research study focusing on integration technologies, design challenges, security and privacy challenges, application areas, and the potential positive and negative effects. Therefore, this paper contributes as the research literature study covering an important SDG, “Good health and well-being,” and its digital transformation, along with summarising our research findings in a detailed and taxonomical way. First, we analyze an all-encompassing taxonomy of prior research on healthcare and well-being, emphasizing incorporating ICT in healthcare, specifically with sustainability, security and privacy challenges, design and integration challenges, applications associated with Electronic Health (E-Health), and potential future avenues for exploration. Then, we explore the need for digital transformation in healthcare and its significant components, highlight E-Health’s importance and benefits, explore its integration and design challenges, and categorize the security and privacy challenges. Next, we determine the role of Blockchain Technology as today’s leading technology in E-Health. We discuss Blockchain Technology and its characteristics, highlight its benefits, and describe the possible types of Blockchain-based E-Health use cases. Furthermore, we compare the positive and negative impacts of ICT integration and identify open issues and challenges of integrating ICT technologies into the healthcare systems. We also discuss future research directions, strengthening researchers to address the issues in future solutions.

Earlier research has shown that the makeup of the corporate board is a crucial predictor in meeting stakeholder accountability expectations through voluntary Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure. Though scholars have identified substantial relationships between board composition and CSR disclosure, the majority of their focus has been on the ‘quantity’ of CSR disclosure rather than the ‘quality’. Therefore, the present study considers the association of board characteristics (such as gender diversity, independence, female chairperson or/and female CEO, and board size) and the quality of CSR disclosure of the top 100 Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX)-listed companies. We conducted content analysis of secondary Corporate Governance (CG) and CSR data extracted from the annual reports of PSX-listed companies across ten industrial sectors from the period 2017 to 2018. Our empirical investigation through univariate and multiple regression analysis with ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques revealed that all the board characteristics potentially had a significant association to lower CSR disclosure quality. Using the 2SLS regression model, we addressed the endogeneity issue of board characteristics and found robust results. One of the important implications of our findings is that policymakers and regulators in developing countries like Pakistan should review the value of board qualities as outlined in CG principles and develop stronger mechanisms to improve numbers of female directors and nonexecutive directors’ independence. We acknowledge several research limitations, including the study time period and selected board characteristics. While our study has provided some understanding of the association of board characteristics with CSR disclosure quality of PSX-listed companies, several research gaps still need to be addressed. Future investigators should examine this association through the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 contexts and the inclusion of a systems theory perspective.

Good health and well-being is one of the essential SDGs that ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages and further entails providing substantial medical services to the public at low cost and with minimal adverse effects on the environment. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have taken on an increasingly important function as significant facilitators of healthcare reform, with the goals of enhancing access to health services, the quality of treatment provided, and the overall productivity of the healthcare system. However, the integration of ever-increasing ICT technologies into the healthcare systems, also referred to as digital transformation, is not a straightforward process, but it comes with different types of challenges from integration level to application design level and security level. Although several studies have been proposed to address the integration of ICT technologies into healthcare systems, there is still a need for a comprehensive research study on the integration and design challenges, security and privacy challenges, application areas, and possible positive and negative impacts. Therefore, this paper contributes as the research literature study covering an important SDG, "Good health and well-being," and its digital transformation, along with summarising our research findings in a detailed and taxonomical way. To start with, firstly, we present a detailed comparison of existing studies on healthcare and well-being, mainly focusing on integrating ICT technologies in healthcare in terms of sustainable aspects, security and privacy challenges, design and integration challenges, E-health-related applications, and future directions. We also present an overview and the need for digital transformation in healthcare, discuss its significant components, highlight E-health's importance and benefits, explore its integration and design challenges, and categorise the security and privacy challenges. Next, we present an in-depth discussion on the role of Blockchain technology as today's leading technology in E-health, discussing Blockchain technology and its characteristics, highlighting its benefits, and describing the possible types of Blockchain-based E-health use cases. Furthermore, we discuss the positive and negative impact of ICT integration along with identifying open issues and challenges of integrating ICT technologies into the healthcare systems and discuss future research directions, which provide the strength for researchers to address the issues in future solutions.

The present study finds the association of board characteristics (such as gender diversity, independence, female chairperson or/and female CEO, and board size) and the quality of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure of the top 100 Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed companies. Unlike most earlier studies in similar contexts, we have focused on CSR disclosure ‘quality’ and not ‘quantity’. We conducted the content analysis of secondary Corporate Governance (CG) and CSR data extracted from the annual reports of PSX-listed companies across ten industrial sectors from period of 2017 and 2018. Our empirical investigation through univariate and multiple regression analysis with Ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques revealed that all the board characteristics potentially have a significant association in lessening CSR disclosure quality. We acknowledge several research limitations, including the study time period and selected board characteristics. While our study has provided some understanding of the association of board characteristics with CSR disclosure quality of PSX-listed companies, several research gaps still need to be addressed. Future investigators should examine this association through the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 connections and the inclusion of a systems theory perspective.