Cu²⁺ exhibited a good activation effect on specularite. However, its microscopic activation mechanism needs further study. Additionally, Cu²⁺ was mainly present in the flotation solution as Cu²⁺, Cu(OH)⁺, and Cu(OH)₂ at pH = 7. Therefore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the effect of Cu species such as Cu²⁺, Cu(OH)⁺, and Cu(OH)₂ adsorbed on the crystal structure and properties of the specularite (0 0 1) surface. The adsorption mechanism of different Cu components on the surface was also further clarified by the analyses of the adsorption model, adsorption energy, partial density of states (PDOS), charge transfer, and bond properties. In addition, the obtained results are discussed. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the geometric structure and electronic properties on the surface changed after adsorbing Cu components and that the O3–Fe1–O1 structure was more susceptible to the adsorbates. The adsorption engines results show that Cu components could be spontaneously adsorbed onto the specularite (0 0 1) surface with adsorption energies of −0.76, −0.85, and −1.78 eV, corresponding to Cu²⁺, CuOH⁺, and Cu(OH)₂, respectively. Therefore, the adsorption stability of the Cu species on the specularite surface increased in the order of Cu²⁺ < Cu(OH)⁺ < Cu(OH)₂. Additionally, the adsorption sites for Cu species on the surface were different. Cu²⁺ interacted mainly with O atoms on the surface, forming Cu–O complexes, while Cu(OH)⁺ and Cu(OH)₂ acted mainly through the O atom of –OH, interacting with Fe atoms to form Cu–O–Fe complexes. The formation of Cu–O and Cu–O–Fe complexes increased the adsorption sites for sodium oleate, with more hydrophobic species being generated to improve the floatability of specularite.

To explore the flotation feasibility and flotation law of iron minerals from amphibole-type iron oxide ore with full-size minerals, a systematic study on the flotation behaviors of single minerals hematite, quartz, and amphibole was carried out with the anionic reverse flotation system. The effects of collectors, depressants, activators, and pH on the floatabilities of three single minerals was investigated. The flotation separations of binary mixed minerals and ternary mixed ores were carried out, respectively. The study results show that CaCl₂ is adsorbed on the surfaces of quartz and amphibole, which can activate them. The hydroxyl groups of the starch molecular chain were adsorbed on the surfaces of the hematite and amphibole in the form of hydrogen bonds, but were hardly adsorbed on surface of the quartz. Therefore, both hematite and amphibole were depressed, resulting in a poor separation effect of the three single minerals in the anionic flotation system.

The effects of reduction temperature, gas linear velocity, reduction pressure, reduction time, and reducing gas on the fluidized ironmaking process were studied for the fine iron Newman ore particles (0.154–0.178 mm) and the optimal experimental operating conditions were obtained. Under the optimal conditions, the effects of the coated cow dung on the reduction of fine iron ore particles were studied, and the inhibition mechanism of cow dung on particle adhesion in the fluidized ironmaking process was elucidated. The experimental results show that the optimal operating parameters are linear velocity of 0.6 m/s, reduction pressure of 0.2 MPa, reduction temperature of 1023 K, H₂ as the reducing gas, and reduction time of 60 min. Cow dung can react with oxide in the ore powder to form a high melting point substance that can form a certain isolation layer, inhibit the growth of iron whiskers, and improve the fluidization.

Despite being one of the main sources of iron, specularite is often associated with gangue minerals such as aegirine and chlorite. Flotation separation is challenging in the mineral processing industry because of the similar surface properties of specularite, aegirine, and chlorite. This study investigates the role and selective activation mechanism of Pb²⁺ in the flotation separation of specularite, aegirine, and chlorite using micro-flotation experiments, solution chemistry calculations, zeta potential analysis, and the density functional theory (DFT). The results of the micro-flotation experiments show that the addition of lead ions can significantly improve the floatability of specularite, but has little impact on the floatability of aegirine and chlorite. Additionally, the solution chemistry calculations results show that PbOH⁺ is the main component of selectively activated specularite. The zeta potential analysis shows that Pb²⁺ is more inclined to adsorption on the surface of specularite, and that more collectors are adsorbed on the surface of specularite after the addition of Pb²⁺. Finally, the DFT calculations show that different chemical bonds are formed during the interaction between CuOH⁺ and the mineral surface, resulting in different adsorption energies.