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Laura Henry
Department of Government and Legal Studies, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA

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Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Sustainability
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The paper examines interactions of oil companies and reindeer herders in the tundra of the Russian Arctic. We focus on governance arrangements that have an impact on the sustainability of oil production and reindeer herding. We analyze a shift in benefit-sharing arrangements between oil companies and Indigenous Nenets reindeer herders in Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO), Russia, as an evolution of the herders’ rights, defined as the intertwined co-production of legal processes, ideologies, and power relations. Semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis demonstrate that in NAO, benefit-sharing shifted from paternalism (dependent on herders’ negotiation skills) to company-centered social responsibility (formalized compensation rules). This shift was enabled by the adoption of a formal methodology for calculating income lost due to extractive projects and facilitated by the regional government’s efforts to develop reindeer-herding. While laws per se did not change, herders’ ability to access compensation and markets increased. This paper shows that even when ideologies of indigeneity are not influential, the use of existing laws and convergence of the government’s and Indigenous groups’ economic interests may shift legal processes and power relations toward greater rights for Indigenous groups.

ACS Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Svetlana Tulaeva; Leah Horowitz. Who Benefits? How Interest-Convergence Shapes Benefit-Sharing and Indigenous Rights to Sustainable Livelihoods in Russia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9025 .

AMA Style

Maria Tysiachniouk, Laura Henry, Svetlana Tulaeva, Leah Horowitz. Who Benefits? How Interest-Convergence Shapes Benefit-Sharing and Indigenous Rights to Sustainable Livelihoods in Russia. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Svetlana Tulaeva; Leah Horowitz. 2020. "Who Benefits? How Interest-Convergence Shapes Benefit-Sharing and Indigenous Rights to Sustainable Livelihoods in Russia." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9025.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2019 in Resources
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The governance of extractive industries has become increasingly globalized. International conventions and multi-stakeholder institutions set out rules and standards on a range of issues, such as environmental protection, human rights, and Indigenous rights. Companies’ compliance with these global rules may minimize risks for investors and shareholders, while offering people at sites of extraction more leverage. Although the Russian state retains a significant stake in the oil and gas industries, Russian oil and gas companies have globalized as well, receiving foreign investment, participating in global supply chains, and signing on to global agreements. We investigate how this global engagement has affected Nenets Indigenous communities in Yamal, an oil- and gas-rich region in the Russian Arctic, by analyzing Indigenous protests and benefit-sharing arrangements. Contrary to expectations, we find that Nenets Indigenous communities have not been empowered by international governance measures, and also struggle to use domestic laws to resolve problems. In Russia, the state continues to play a significant role in determining outcomes for Indigenous communities, in part by working with Indigenous associations that are state allies. We conclude that governance generating networks in the region are under-developed.

ACS Style

Svetlana A. Tulaeva; Maria S. Tysiachniouk; Laura A. Henry; Leah S. Horowitz. Globalizing Extraction and Indigenous Rights in the Russian Arctic: The Enduring Role of the State in Natural Resource Governance. Resources 2019, 8, 179 .

AMA Style

Svetlana A. Tulaeva, Maria S. Tysiachniouk, Laura A. Henry, Leah S. Horowitz. Globalizing Extraction and Indigenous Rights in the Russian Arctic: The Enduring Role of the State in Natural Resource Governance. Resources. 2019; 8 (4):179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Svetlana A. Tulaeva; Maria S. Tysiachniouk; Laura A. Henry; Leah S. Horowitz. 2019. "Globalizing Extraction and Indigenous Rights in the Russian Arctic: The Enduring Role of the State in Natural Resource Governance." Resources 8, no. 4: 179.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in Interest Groups & Advocacy
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Global governance institutions (GGIs) increasingly rely upon NGO involvement for expertise, promotion of rules and standards, and democratic legitimacy. Yet NGO participation in GGIs is unevenly distributed by country of origin. This paper examines patterns of NGO participation in GGIs, and how participation is shaped by incentives and pressures at global and national levels. First, we map NGO participation by country of origin across 42 GGIs based on the roles that GGIs grant to NGOs and by variations in domestic conditions of income level and political regime type. Second, to delve more deeply into domestic factors, we provide an exploratory statistical regression based on NGO participation in two major GGIs, the UN Global Compact on corporate social responsibility and the UNFCCC Conferences of Parties on climate change. We find evidence that participation patterns reflect both the varying institutional design of GGIs and NGO capacity linked to domestic conditions. We observe that NGOs with constrained capacity due to domestic factors gravitate toward GGIs that offer the most significant roles for NGOs, with the greatest opportunity to influence policy. We suggest that domestic civil society factors beyond level of economic development and regime type shape NGO participation at the global level. Analysis of this wide-ranging set of GGIs provides more general confirmation of patterns of NGO engagement in global governance previously identified in studies limited to particular issue sectors or cases.

ACS Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom; Carla Winston; Priya Bala-Miller. NGO participation in global governance institutions: international and domestic drivers of engagement. Interest Groups & Advocacy 2019, 8, 291 -332.

AMA Style

Laura Henry, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Carla Winston, Priya Bala-Miller. NGO participation in global governance institutions: international and domestic drivers of engagement. Interest Groups & Advocacy. 2019; 8 (3):291-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom; Carla Winston; Priya Bala-Miller. 2019. "NGO participation in global governance institutions: international and domestic drivers of engagement." Interest Groups & Advocacy 8, no. 3: 291-332.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Forest Policy and Economics
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When do contentious politics arise around forest certification? In Russia, forestry firms have adopted Forest Stewardship Council certification more rapidly and with fewer challenges in Northwestern regions than in the Russian Far East. In 2011–2012, contentious politics broke out in response to a revision of Russia's national FSC standards. This case allows us to build upon and extend arguments about how domestic conditions shape actors' responses to private environmental governance. Regional variation in Russia suggests that collective mobilization to weaken certification is more likely to emerge under conditions of high levels of biodiversity, proximity to markets that are not sensitive to certification, and low penetration by multinational firms. However, the key factor facilitating collective action in this case was the emergence of an industry-government alliance that was rooted in prior industry-government collusion on the illegal logging, mutual investments in wood, and a lack of knowledge about FSC certification. Contentious politics gave way to constructive negotiations between stakeholders in 2013–2017 following the construction of several forums of negotiation.

ACS Style

Laura A. Henry; Maria Tysiachniouk. The uneven response to global environmental governance: Russia's contentious politics of forest certification. Forest Policy and Economics 2018, 90, 97 -105.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry, Maria Tysiachniouk. The uneven response to global environmental governance: Russia's contentious politics of forest certification. Forest Policy and Economics. 2018; 90 ():97-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry; Maria Tysiachniouk. 2018. "The uneven response to global environmental governance: Russia's contentious politics of forest certification." Forest Policy and Economics 90, no. : 97-105.

Articles
Published: 17 April 2018 in Europe-Asia Studies
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This essay analyses how the ‘foreign agent’ law has been interpreted and implemented by the Russian authorities and examines diverse NGO survival strategies in response to the ‘foreign agent’ label. The foreign agent law has disrupted and transformed resource mobilisation strategies and transnational NGO networks. Based on qualitative research on environmental NGOs, we offer a typology of NGO responses to the foreign agent law, providing examples to show how the organisations attempt to ensure their survival.

ACS Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Svetlana Tulaeva; Laura A. Henry. Civil Society under the Law ‘On Foreign Agents’: NGO Strategies and Network Transformation. Europe-Asia Studies 2018, 70, 615 -637.

AMA Style

Maria Tysiachniouk, Svetlana Tulaeva, Laura A. Henry. Civil Society under the Law ‘On Foreign Agents’: NGO Strategies and Network Transformation. Europe-Asia Studies. 2018; 70 (4):615-637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Svetlana Tulaeva; Laura A. Henry. 2018. "Civil Society under the Law ‘On Foreign Agents’: NGO Strategies and Network Transformation." Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 4: 615-637.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Energy Research & Social Science
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ACS Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Machiel Lamers; Jan van Tatenhove. Oil and indigenous people in sub-Arctic Russia: Rethinking equity and governance in benefit sharing agreements. Energy Research & Social Science 2018, 37, 140 -152.

AMA Style

Maria Tysiachniouk, Laura Henry, Machiel Lamers, Jan van Tatenhove. Oil and indigenous people in sub-Arctic Russia: Rethinking equity and governance in benefit sharing agreements. Energy Research & Social Science. 2018; 37 ():140-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Machiel Lamers; Jan van Tatenhove. 2018. "Oil and indigenous people in sub-Arctic Russia: Rethinking equity and governance in benefit sharing agreements." Energy Research & Social Science 37, no. : 140-152.

Research articles
Published: 15 December 2017 in Society & Natural Resources
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How can indigenous communities in illiberal regimes benefit from oil production? This paper compares the experience of two indigenous peoples in the Russian Arctic, the Nenets and the Komi-Izhemtsi, in their quest for environmental protection and the development of benefit-sharing arrangements with Lukoil, a Russian oil company. The Nenets people, recognized by the Russian state as indigenous, are marginalized political actors who identified a route to receiving compensation for loss of land and damage to the environment as well as economic benefits under the auspices of Russian law and Lukoil’s corporate policies. In contrast, the Komi-Izhemtsi, despite indigenous status in global institutions including the United Nations and the Arctic Council, are unrecognized as indigenous domestically and initially received no compensation. Their path to benefit sharing was more challenging as they partnered with local nongovernmental organizations and global environmentalists to pressure Lukoil to sign a benefit-sharing agreement. Ultimately, the comparison illustrates how transnational partnerships can empower indigenous people to gain benefits from natural resource exploitation even in illiberal political systems.

ACS Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Machiel Lamers; Jan van Tatenhove. Oil Extraction and Benefit Sharing in an Illiberal Context: The Nenets and Komi-Izhemtsi Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Arctic. Society & Natural Resources 2017, 31, 556 -579.

AMA Style

Maria Tysiachniouk, Laura Henry, Machiel Lamers, Jan van Tatenhove. Oil Extraction and Benefit Sharing in an Illiberal Context: The Nenets and Komi-Izhemtsi Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Arctic. Society & Natural Resources. 2017; 31 (5):556-579.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura Henry; Machiel Lamers; Jan van Tatenhove. 2017. "Oil Extraction and Benefit Sharing in an Illiberal Context: The Nenets and Komi-Izhemtsi Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Arctic." Society & Natural Resources 31, no. 5: 556-579.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2017 in Forests
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Under what conditions do private forest governance standards influence state policy and behavior to become more oriented toward sustainability? We argue that governance schemes targeting firms may indirectly shape state behavior, even when designed to bypass state regulation. Through an examination of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in Russia and Brazil, we find that the FSC has influenced domestic rhetoric, laws, and enforcement practices. FSC has had a more disruptive and consequential impact on Russia’s domestic forest governance; in Brazil, earlier transnational environmental campaigns had already begun to shift domestic institutions toward sustainability. Based on interview data and textual analysis of FSC and government documents, we identify the mechanisms of indirect FSC influence on states—professionalization, civil society mobilization, firm lobbying, and international market pressure, and argue that they are likely to be activated under conditions of poor and decentralized governance, overlapping and competing regulations and high foreign market demand for exports.

ACS Style

Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom; Laura A. Henry. Private Forest Governance, Public Policy Impacts: The Forest Stewardship Council in Russia and Brazil. Forests 2017, 8, 445 .

AMA Style

Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, Laura A. Henry. Private Forest Governance, Public Policy Impacts: The Forest Stewardship Council in Russia and Brazil. Forests. 2017; 8 (11):445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom; Laura A. Henry. 2017. "Private Forest Governance, Public Policy Impacts: The Forest Stewardship Council in Russia and Brazil." Forests 8, no. 11: 445.

Review
Published: 01 November 2016 in Eurasian Geography and Economics
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In the 25 years since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, sweeping political, economic, and social changes have profoundly influenced environmental protection in Russia, the world’s largest country and one of global importance with respect to natural resources, biodiversity conservation, wilderness preservation, and climate change mitigation. This paper reviews the state of the environment by assessing post-Soviet era changes to legislation, government regulatory institutions, and civil society. A gulf exists between Russia’s formal environmental laws and state agency capacity and interest in enforcing them. This stems, in part, from repeated bureaucratic reorganizations that have progressively eroded environmental institutions. The Russian environmental movement, which blossomed during Gorbachev’s reforms in the late 1980s, struggled in the 1990s to mobilize the broader public due to economic hardship and political instability. Since then, the Putin administration has labeled many environmental groups “anti-Russian” and used aggressive tactics such as raiding NGO offices, intimidating journalists, and instituting severe legislative measures to quash advocacy and dissent. Post-Soviet environmental successes have been relatively few, with expansion of the protected area system and forest certification notable exceptions. These successes can partially be attributed to efforts by large environmental organizations, but expansion of certification and corporate social responsibility is also tied to Russian business interests dependent on natural resource export to global markets increasingly sensitive to environmental concerns. The paper concludes by illustrating how corruption, poor enforcement, and the muzzling of civil society render the state incapable of resolving arguably its most significant environmental challenge: illegal and unregulated resource use.

ACS Style

Joshua P. Newell; Laura Henry. The state of environmental protection in the Russian Federation: a review of the post-Soviet era. Eurasian Geography and Economics 2016, 57, 779 -801.

AMA Style

Joshua P. Newell, Laura Henry. The state of environmental protection in the Russian Federation: a review of the post-Soviet era. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 2016; 57 (6):779-801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joshua P. Newell; Laura Henry. 2016. "The state of environmental protection in the Russian Federation: a review of the post-Soviet era." Eurasian Geography and Economics 57, no. 6: 779-801.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2016 in Europe-Asia Studies
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ACS Style

Laura Henry; Soili Nysten-Haarala; Svetlana Tulaeva; Maria Tysiachniouk. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Oil Industry in the Russian Arctic: Global Norms and Neo-Paternalism. Europe-Asia Studies 2016, 68, 1340 -1368.

AMA Style

Laura Henry, Soili Nysten-Haarala, Svetlana Tulaeva, Maria Tysiachniouk. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Oil Industry in the Russian Arctic: Global Norms and Neo-Paternalism. Europe-Asia Studies. 2016; 68 (8):1340-1368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry; Soili Nysten-Haarala; Svetlana Tulaeva; Maria Tysiachniouk. 2016. "Corporate Social Responsibility and the Oil Industry in the Russian Arctic: Global Norms and Neo-Paternalism." Europe-Asia Studies 68, no. 8: 1340-1368.

Original articles
Published: 14 August 2015 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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In this study, we examine the political implications of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification and its requirements for participatory governance by focusing on three case studies in Russia and drawing upon qualitative research data from 2002 to 2014. We argue that one of the unintended by-products of forest certification is the advancement of a specific type of citizenship – what we refer to as ‘managed citizenship.’ In managed citizenship, local communities are empowered by new rights endowed to them by a global governance generating network (GGN), such as the FSC. Through the GGN, local stakeholders may become involved in long-term initiatives that provide new opportunities to participate in democratic governance. However, citizens’ involvement is cultivated, directed, and circumscribed by actors from outside the communities, such as environmental and certification experts who educate local residents about their stakeholder status. We also find that the persistent weakness of social interests, as opposed to environmental, within the FSC and the effects of economic instability and weak democracy domestically contribute to the challenges of engaging local communities.

ACS Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura A. Henry. Managed citizenship: global forest governance and democracy in Russian communities. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2015, 22, 476 -489.

AMA Style

Maria Tysiachniouk, Laura A. Henry. Managed citizenship: global forest governance and democracy in Russian communities. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2015; 22 (6):476-489.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Tysiachniouk; Laura A. Henry. 2015. "Managed citizenship: global forest governance and democracy in Russian communities." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 22, no. 6: 476-489.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2014 in Current History
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Achieving relatively easy terms under the Kyoto Protocol did not necessarily inspire post-socialist states to engage enthusiastically in international climate talks….

ACS Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Climate Change Policies in the Post-Socialist World. Current History 2014, 113, 278 -283.

AMA Style

Laura Henry, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Climate Change Policies in the Post-Socialist World. Current History. 2014; 113 (765):278-283.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. 2014. "Climate Change Policies in the Post-Socialist World." Current History 113, no. 765: 278-283.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2012 in Communist and Post-Communist Studies
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Prior to December 2011, instances of widespread collective mobilization were relatively rare in contemporary Russia. Russian citizens are more likely to engage in a different means of airing grievances: making an official complaint to the authorities. This article considers how complaint-making, as a variety of political participation, may contribute either to authoritarian resilience or to political liberalization. The political significance of complaints made to the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation is examined. Since it is the broader political context that shapes the significance of complaints, in the absence of meaningful elections individualized appeals to the state are unlikely to promote democratic change, although they may allow for redress of individual rights violations.

ACS Style

Laura A. Henry. Complaint-making as political participation in contemporary Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 2012, 45, 243 -254.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry. Complaint-making as political participation in contemporary Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 2012; 45 (3-4):243-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry. 2012. "Complaint-making as political participation in contemporary Russia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45, no. 3-4: 243-254.

Articles
Published: 30 July 2012 in Europe-Asia Studies
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This article accounts for the gap between Russia’s weak initial implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and its more active engagement in climate policy during the Medvedev presidency. We examine the intersection of climate policy and broader efforts to modernise Russia’s economy, drawing attention to synergies between domestic and international politics. We argue that international factors alone do not explain the change in climate policy as they have remained relatively constant. Instead, greater attention toward climate policy results from efforts to introduce new technologies and increase energy efficiency, spurred by the recent financial crisis and a shift in domestic policy priorities associated with the Medvedev presidency.

ACS Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Russia’s Climate Policy: International Bargaining and Domestic Modernisation. Europe-Asia Studies 2012, 64, 1297 -1322.

AMA Style

Laura Henry, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Russia’s Climate Policy: International Bargaining and Domestic Modernisation. Europe-Asia Studies. 2012; 64 (7):1297-1322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. 2012. "Russia’s Climate Policy: International Bargaining and Domestic Modernisation." Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 7: 1297-1322.

Review
Published: 15 March 2011 in Perspectives on Politics
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In his thoughtful review, Brian Mayer identifies some of the key factors that will shape the future development of Russia's environmental movement. In doing so, he provides me the opportunity to highlight and expand upon these themes. Mayer's comments suggest that the study of social movements is enriched by the interaction of scholars focused on vastly different societies. In this vein, attention to one key aspect of my argument—how activists' diverse interpretations of the Soviet period shape their current perceptions—helps respond to some of the questions that Mayer raises.

ACS Style

Laura A. Henry. Response to Brian Mayer's review of Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia. Perspectives on Politics 2011, 9, 113 -113.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry. Response to Brian Mayer's review of Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia. Perspectives on Politics. 2011; 9 (1):113-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry. 2011. "Response to Brian Mayer's review of Red to Green: Environmental Activism in Post-Soviet Russia." Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 1: 113-113.

Articles
Published: 17 September 2010 in Environmental Politics
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Transnational linkages are generally considered advantageous for environmental activists who face an unsympathetic government at home. Since the early 1990s, Russia's environmentalists have developed a number of transnational ties that have increased their leverage over the Russian government. However, transnational support interacts with domestic constraints on mobilisation in unpredictable ways, generating obstacles as well as opportunities. The recentralisation of state power in Russia has presented environmentalists with a dilemma as they attempt to engage constructively with state bodies that prioritise security and economic growth and have little tolerance for autonomous public mobilisation or transnationalism. A comparison of environmental mobilisation on the extraction of petroleum resources, climate change and forestry illustrates the power and limits of transnational influence on Russia's environmental movement in a context of renewed state authority and economic globalisation. Thus far, Russian environmentalists have found it easier to achieve rhetorical change than institutional change in environmental governance; institutional change appears most likely when environmental and economic goals coincide.

ACS Style

Laura A. Henry. Between transnationalism and state power: the development of Russia's post-Soviet environmental movement. Environmental Politics 2010, 19, 756 -781.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry. Between transnationalism and state power: the development of Russia's post-Soviet environmental movement. Environmental Politics. 2010; 19 (5):756-781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry. 2010. "Between transnationalism and state power: the development of Russia's post-Soviet environmental movement." Environmental Politics 19, no. 5: 756-781.

Book chapter
Published: 30 July 2010 in Global Commons, Domestic Decisions
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This chapter focuses on Russia’s ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. It looks into the significance of various factors which have affected the ratification and implementation path of Russia, including domestic institutions, interests, and ideas. The interaction of these factors with one another at various stages is also discussed. Apart from international factors, domestic configurations of policymakers’ ideas, electoral and economic interests, and political institutions played a vital role in the ratification decision of the Russian government. Implementation of the agreement depends primarily on domestic process, not like Russia’s ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. The implementation process proceeds effectively if government officials and institutions believe it enhances their institutional authority and if private-sector actors consider themselves potential beneficiaries from Kyoto’s flexibility mechanisms.

ACS Style

Laura Henry. Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: From Hot Air to Implementation? Global Commons, Domestic Decisions 2010, 105 -138.

AMA Style

Laura Henry. Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: From Hot Air to Implementation? Global Commons, Domestic Decisions. 2010; ():105-138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry. 2010. "Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: From Hot Air to Implementation?" Global Commons, Domestic Decisions , no. : 105-138.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2009 in Problems of Post-Communism
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ACS Style

Laura A. Henry. Redefining Citizenship in Russia. Problems of Post-Communism 2009, 56, 51 -65.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry. Redefining Citizenship in Russia. Problems of Post-Communism. 2009; 56 (6):51-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry. 2009. "Redefining Citizenship in Russia." Problems of Post-Communism 56, no. 6: 51-65.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2007 in Global Environmental Politics
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On November 5, 2004, the Russian Federation ratified the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, effectively saving the treaty. Battling domestic interests, in which a majority of pro-Kyoto voices were countered by a small but powerful minority of Kyoto opponents, had little influence on the decision due to the centralized institutional environment in Russia which allows the President great autonomy in foreign policy. President Putin ratified the treaty because Russia would likely gain leverage in other international negotiations and contribute to an image of itself as a good member of the club of advanced industrialized states. He delayed ratification to clarify evidence about gains versus losses from Kyoto provisions and to secure concessions from other Kyoto ratifiers in other international negotiations. Existing implementation efforts are slow but indicate that Russia's strategy will emphasize maximizing profits through treaty mechanisms over maximizing emissions reductions.

ACS Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: Seeking an Alignment of Interests and Image. Global Environmental Politics 2007, 7, 47 -69.

AMA Style

Laura Henry, Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: Seeking an Alignment of Interests and Image. Global Environmental Politics. 2007; 7 (4):47-69.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Henry; Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom. 2007. "Russia and the Kyoto Protocol: Seeking an Alignment of Interests and Image." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 4: 47-69.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2006 in Post-Soviet Affairs
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ACS Style

Laura A. Henry. Shaping Social Activism in Post-Soviet Russia: Leadership, Organizational Diversity, and Innovation. Post-Soviet Affairs 2006, 22, 99 -124.

AMA Style

Laura A. Henry. Shaping Social Activism in Post-Soviet Russia: Leadership, Organizational Diversity, and Innovation. Post-Soviet Affairs. 2006; 22 (2):99-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura A. Henry. 2006. "Shaping Social Activism in Post-Soviet Russia: Leadership, Organizational Diversity, and Innovation." Post-Soviet Affairs 22, no. 2: 99-124.