Nowadays, the methods and techniques used in the textile industry are required to be environmentally friendly, and water and energy saving. In addition to these, they should transfer more than one functionality, in other words give multifunctionality to the textile material with reliable and sufficient results in terms of efficiency and permanence. With the increase in and diversification of today's industrial requirements, one functionality on the fabric may be insufficient to meet the requirements, and therefore the subject of multifunctionality holds an important place in the textile industry. Therefore, in this study flame retardant, antibacterial and water-repellent, single-layered multifunctional 100% cotton fabrics with different functionalities on different sides (back and face surfaces) of the fabric were obtained via a chemical foam application method, which has many advantages compared with conventional methods. In some of the experimental parts, impregnation and foam application methods were combined in the process in order to optimize the multifunctionality properties of the fabrics. In order to indicate the performance test of cotton fabric, vertical burning test, contact angle test, antibacterial test against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, color spectrum analysis and tearing strength test were carried out while, in terms of characterization tests, Fourier transform infrared (attenuated total reflectance) and scanning electron microscope analyses were performed. According to the test results, the flame retardancy effect of the samples was improved significantly while antibacterial results showed a 99% reduction of bacteria and the finished fabrics demonstrated improved water repellency with contact angles up to 125°. In addition, the functionalities were durable up to 50 washing and 50 drying cycles.

Nowadays, the primary energy resources and existing water reserves in the world are gradually decreasing. Because of global warming and high consumption of energy and water, researches have focused on new technologies and methods which aim of optimum use of resources while applying functionalites to the material. When the energy and water consumption of industries is examined, it could be obviously determined that the textile industry is seen to be at a substantial level. For this reason, in this chapter broad information of application systems including conventional and low-liquor application techniques with updated versions which show notable improvements in textile industry lately, have been detailed in a way of properties, parameters and running mechanisms on textile materials.

The primary aim of the study is to explore the use of tea waste, a natural and sustainable material, as an alternative to synthetic dyes that pose risks to human health and the environment in the printing process of 100% cotton fabrics. For this purpose, tea waste was processed using an extraction method to obtain a natural dye extract, which was then added to the printing paste to carry out the printing process. To enhance the wash durability of fabrics dyed with the natural dye derived from tea waste, a softener formulation was modified by incorporating different ratios of quaternary ammonium compounds. The study investigated the applicability of tea waste extract in dyeing 100% cotton woven fabrics and examined the wash fastness of these fabrics. Fastness tests were conducted on the dyed fabrics in accordance with relevant standards, and the results showed that the fastness values were at the highest levels based on the gray scale evaluation. SEM was employed to perform characterization analyses on tea waste and fabric samples. Additionally, SEM-EDX was used to analyze the elemental composition of the materials. According to thes test results, it was found that cotton fabric dyed using tea waste as a natural dye pigment had the highest K/S value when compared to untreated fabric. Fastness properties did not change significantly after application or washing processes. According to SEM analysis, it was determined that the chemical particles of the printing paste were located between the fibers of the treated samples. By repurposing tea waste for use in textile finishing, the study contributes to the production of sustainable textile products.

The primary objective of this study is to alleviate discomfort arising from fluctuations in heat and humidity due to environmental and personal factors, aiming to develop functional textiles capable of effectively responding to these changes. To achieve this, systematic pattern designs were implemented on 100% cotton woven fabrics, incorporating hydrophobic characteristics through the application of a water-repellent agent to specific areas. The resulting compatibility of these hydrophobic features with hydrophilic elements endowed the fabrics with moisture management properties. Furthermore, the introduction of a phase-changing material agent to these fabrics imparted heat management capabilities. The rotation printing technique was employed to seamlessly transfer these agents onto the fabric. In assessing the durability of woven fabrics featuring distinct functionalities, a comprehensive examination was conducted, subjecting them to 30 repeated wash cycles within a single process step. The morphological structures of the fabrics produced were meticulously analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy), SEM–EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray analysis) while their chemical compositions were scrutinized through FTIR–ATR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance). Additionally, a battery of tests, including physical, chemical, liquid absorption, liquid transfer assessments, and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses, were conducted in accordance with relevant standards. The outcomes of this study demonstrated that the fabrics not only met the criteria of the TS 866 standard, particularly with regard to a rapid response time of less than 10 s, but also exhibited resilience to repeated washings, affirming the enduring efficacy of the incorporated functionalities. According to tearing strength results, slight increase was also observed in treated cotton fabrics.

In this study, 100% cotton fabrics were imparted with magnetic field properties using a conventional screen printing method to obtain magnetic fabrics in the context of smart textiles. The magnetism in the fabrics was generated by using a Fe₃O₄ compound. In order to make this compound adhere more strongly to the fabric sample, printing method was used as a finishing application. The Fe₃O₄ compound was added to the printing paste without using any dyestuff since the Fe₃O₄ compound had a unique color itself. The washing durability of the printed functional textiles were investigated. The washing fastness, acidic sweat fastness, alkaline sweat fastness, water fastness, dry rubbing fastness, wet rubbing fastness, tear strength, pilling and degree of external magnetic induction of the fabrics were analyzed. In addition, the morphological analyzes of the fabrics were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray crystallography (XRD) to determine the crystallographic properties of the materials and the phases they contained. According to the result of quantitative evaluation of magnetic fields on textile surfaces, Fe₃O₄ microparticles were in the range of 25 mT when they constituted 50% of the weight.Thus, it was found that a magnetic field was successfully generated in the textiles. Moreover, the magnetic property of the fabric was durable after the washing process as the mT values were maintained even after 20 washing cycles, and the fastness and performance tests were also at the highest level. Increasing the Fe₃O₄ content in the formulations used in the study improved the tensile strength by 2-7%. Comparing the test results of the fabric sample with the optimum formulation with the untreated fabric sample, it was also determined that the tensile strength increased by 8-10% on average after 20 washes.