Observational data sets provide a clearer picture of the causes of induced seismicity

Theoretical models for compaction creep of porous aggregates, and for conventional creep of dense aggregates, by grain boundary diffusion controlled pressure solution are examined. In both models, the absolute rate of creep is determined by the phenomenological coefficient Z * = Z ₀ exp (−Δ H/RT ), a thermally activated term representing effective diffusivity along grain boundaries. With the aim of determining Z ₀ , Δ H and hence Z * for pressure solution creep in rocksalt, compaction creep experiments have been performed on wet granular salt. Compaction experiments were chosen since theory indicates that pressure solution creep is accelerated in this mode. The tests were performed on brine-saturated NaCl powder (grainsize 100–275 μm) at temperatures of 20–90°C and applied stresses of 0.5–2.2 MPa. The mechanical data obtained show excellent agreement with the theoretical equation for compaction creep. In addition, all samples exhibited well-developed indentation, truncation and overgrowth microstructures. We infer that compaction did indeed occur by diffusion controlled pressure solution, and best fitting of our data to the theoretical equation yields Z ₀ = (2.79 ± 1.40) × 10 ⁻¹⁵ m ³ s ⁻¹ , Δ H = 24.53 kJ mol ⁻¹ . Insertion of these values into the theoretical model for conventional creep by pressure solution leads to a preliminary constitutive law for pressure solution in dense salt. Incorporation of this creep law into a deformation map suggests that flow of rocksalt in nature will tend to occur in the transition between the dislocation-dominated and pressure solution fields.