The study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of Nigella sativa oil (N.s) against the adverse effects induced by atrazine (ATZ) in mice. Four groups were divided into: Control group (untreated); N.s group (N. sativa oil, 2 mL/kg/BW); ATZ group (atrazine 200 mg/kg/BW); ATZ+N.s group (atrazine 200 mL/kg/BW; and N. sativa oil, 2 mL/kg/BW). All doses were administered by gavage once daily for 4 weeks. The atrazine-administered group showed a significant increase in total leukocytes, granulocytes, and agranulocytes and a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and packed cell volume. Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were high in the ATZ group. Atrazine exposure reduced serum albumin and total protein levels in the blood. A significantly higher concentration of bilirubin, urea, and creatinine was also found in the ATZ group. The simultaneous administration of atrazine and N. sativa led to improvements in all the parameters studied above. Thus, this study revealed that atrazine exposure has toxic effects on hematological parameters, liver, and kidney function, and that N. sativa oil reduces these toxic effects of atrazine in male mice.

Due to the severe side effects revealed by most of the currently used antidiabetic medicines, search for finding new and safe drugs to manage diabetes is continued. Naphthoquinones possessing strong antioxidant properties have been employed as candidates for diabetes therapy. Present study is aimed at finding the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic potential of some novel derivatives of 2-phenylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones (PAN) including chloro, nitro, methyl and bromo (5a-d) derivatives synthesized by single pot experiment. Product crystals were purified by TLC and characterized by FT-IR. The antioxidant potential of the compounds was assayed through DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power activities noted as UV-vis. absorbance. The DPPH assay has showed the powerful antioxidant activity of nitro and bromo derivatives, while the nitro derivative showed the significant reduction potential towards FRAP assay. Hypoglycaemic potential of the compounds was studied in rat animal model. All synthesized compounds revealed better hypoglycaemic activity; however, the chloro-derivative exhibited the more potent hypoglycaemic activity showing about 43% reduction in the mean blood glucose levels of the treated animals. As the bioreduction of naphthoquinones may be influenced by changing its redox properties, it has been noticed that the e-donating resonance effect (+R) of ‘chloro’ group has shown the significant effects on biological activity through stabalization of its imine form which limits the potential of generation of free radicals during bioreduction of quinones and thus has been proposed as the reason of its hypoglycaemic activity. Future studies employing the properties of e-donating groups of PAN may optimize the drug-receptor interaction for better drug designing and drug development strategies against diabetes and also for the clinical trials.

The study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic efficacy, safety, and organ‐protective potential of Silybum marianum ( S. marianum ) and Citrullus colocynthis ( C. colocynthis ) seed extracts through integrated in vivo and in silico approaches. HPLC analysis identified major bioactive compounds, including gallic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid, myricetin, and quercetin. Antioxidant assays demonstrated superior radical scavenging and reducing capacities in S. marianum , which also exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than C. colocynthis . Alloxan‐induced diabetic rats were allocated into five groups: normal control, diabetic control, S. marianum ‐treated, C. colocynthis ‐treated, and combined‐treatment groups receiving 250 mg/kg extracts. Treatment significantly reduced blood glucose, improved lipid metabolism, normalized hepatic and renal biomarkers, and enhanced body weight compared with diabetic controls. Histopathological examination revealed restoration of hepatic, and renal architecture, particularly in animals receiving S. marianum or the combined treatment. Acute and subacute toxicity studies demonstrated no mortality or treatment‐related adverse effects up to 5000 mg/kg, indicating a favorable safety profile. Molecular docking further confirmed strong interactions of the identified phytochemicals with α‐amylase, CYP2E1, and GSTA1, supporting their potential mechanisms of action. Overall, these findings demonstrate that S. marianum and C. colocynthis represent safe and promising nutraceutical candidates for the management of diabetes and its associated complications.