Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease with complex etiology. LE may present as a systemic disorder affecting multiple organs or be limited solely to the skin. Cutaneous LE (CLE) manifests with a wide range of skin lesions divided into acute, subacute and chronic subtypes. Despite classic forms of CLE, such as malar rash or discoid LE, little-known variants may occur, for instance hypertrophic LE, chilblain LE and lupus panniculitis. There are also numerous non-specific manifestations including vascular abnormalities, alopecia, pigmentation and nail abnormalities or rheumatoid nodules. Particular cutaneous manifestations correlate with disease activity and thus have great diagnostic value. However, diversity of the clinical picture and resemblance to certain entities delay making an accurate diagnosis The aim of this review is to discuss the variety of cutaneous manifestations and indicate the clinical features of particular CLE types which facilitate differential diagnosis with other dermatoses. Although in diagnostically difficult cases histopathological examination plays a key role in the differential diagnosis of LE, quick and accurate diagnosis ensures adequate therapy implementation and high quality of life for patients. Cooperation between physicians of various specialties is therefore crucial in the management of patients with uncommon and photosensitive skin lesions.

Background: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) serve as crucial biomarkers for diagnosing systemic autoimmune diseases; however, their interpretation can be complex and may not always correlate with clinical symptoms. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to evaluate the peer-reviewed literature published between 1961 and 2025. Databases, including PubMed and Scopus, were searched using combinations of controlled vocabulary and free-text terms relating to antinuclear antibodies and their clinical significance. The objective was to gather and synthesize information regarding the diagnostic utility and interpretation of ANA testing in routine medical practice. Discussion: The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) on HEp-2 cells is established as the gold standard for detecting ANAs, facilitating the classification of various fluorescent patterns. While a positive ANA test can suggest autoimmune disorders, the presence and titre must be interpreted alongside clinical findings, as low titres often lack diagnostic significance. Findings indicate that titres higher than 1:160 may provide greater specificity in differentiating true positives from false positives in healthy individuals. The study also emphasizes the relevance of fluorescence patterns, with specific patterns linked to particular diseases, although many do not have strong clinical correlations. Moreover, certain autoantibodies demonstrate high specificity for diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Ultimately, while ANA testing is invaluable for diagnosing connective tissue diseases, healthcare providers must consider its limitations to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. Conclusions: ANA testing is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of connective tissue diseases, but its interpretation must be approached with caution. Clinical context remains crucial when evaluating ANA results to avoid misdiagnosis and overtreatment. This review is about the diagnostic aspects and clinical consequences of ANA testing, as well as highlighting both the diagnostic benefits and the potential limitations of this procedure in everyday clinical practice. The review fills a gap in the literature by integrating the diagnostic and clinical aspects of ANA testing, with a focus on real-world interpretation challenges.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and psoriasis (Ps) are two clinically distinct diseases with different pathogenesis. However, recent studies indicate some similarities in both clinical presentation and pathogenetic mechanisms. The coexistence of both entities is very uncommon and has not been fully elucidated. Thus, it remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In fact, drugs used in SLE can induce psoriatic lesions, whereas phototherapy effective in Ps is an important factor provoking skin lesions in patients with SLE. The aim of this work is to discuss in detail the common pathogenetic elements and the therapeutic options effective in both diseases.

Connective tissue diseases are a group of diseases with a complex etiology characterized by abnormal activity of the immune system. In the last decade, the role of the gut microbiota as a potential modulator of diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis has attracted...

Introduction: Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering disease with a complex aetiology. Various conditions and external factors can disrupt immune tolerance to autoantigens, triggering autoimmunity. It affects people of all ages and sexes, mostly those over 60. Recently, cases among younger individuals have increased. This study aimed to assess potential triggers and exacerbating factors, including age, comorbidities, medications, physical factors, and infections. Material and methods: The study included 40 patients with bullous pemphigoid diagnosed based on immunopathological examination who continued ambulatory treatment for at least 6 months. A retrospective analysis of the medical reports gathered between 2018 and 2019 was performed. Results: Four of the twelve patients with central nervous system disorders experienced exacerbation, and six patients relapsed after discontinuation of pharmacotherapy. Internal disorders, such as arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes mellitus, are associated with frequent exacerbation and relapse after discontinuation of treatment. One of the four patients treated with furosemide did not achieve remission. Seven of the seventeen patients with a history of trauma experienced exacerbation, while four were diagnosed with relapse after discontinuation of the treatment. Exacerbation was observed in three patients, while relapse after discontinuation of the causal treatment was observed in two patients with viral infections. Conclusions: The outcomes of the present study indicated that comorbidities, medications, trauma, and infections shape the course of bullous pemphigoid, affecting exacerbations, relapses, and remission achievement. The role of internal disorders as risk factors for bullous pemphigoid requires cooperation between dermatologists and physicians from other specialities. Keywords: autoimmunity autoimmune disease blistering disease bullous pemphigoid etiopathogenesis triggers

Background: Vitamin D is involved not only in calcium–phosphate homeostasis but also in immune and endothelial regulation. Vitamin D deficiency has been suggested to worsen disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Environmental and lifestyle factors, including seasonal sun exposure, smoking, diet, and supplementation, may influence vitamin D status and disease manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, disease activity, and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibody titers in patients with SLE, taking selected lifestyle and environmental factors into account. Methods: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, SLE disease activity assessed by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) score, and anti-dsDNA antibody titers were measured in patients with SLE and healthy controls. Blood samples were collected during sunny (April–September) and non-sunny (October–March) months. Information on vitamin D supplementation, smoking status, and dietary habits was obtained using a structured questionnaire. Associations between vitamin D status, disease activity, anti-dsDNA seropositivity, season of blood collection, supplementation, smoking, and diet were analyzed statistically. Results: Patients with SLE had significantly higher mean serum 25(OH)D levels than controls, mainly due to frequent vitamin D supplementation. No significant associations were observed between serum 25(OH)D levels and SLEDAI-2K scores or anti-dsDNA antibody positivity. Seasonality, smoking status, and adherence to special diets were not significantly related to disease activity or anti-dsDNA seropositivity. Vitamin D supplementation was strongly associated with sufficient 25(OH)D levels but did not translate into reduced disease activity or lower anti-dsDNA prevalence. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with clinical or immunological activity of SLE in this cross-sectional study, despite effective correction of deficiency through supplementation. These findings likely reflect the heterogeneity of SLE and the limitations of single time-point assessments, although regular monitoring and individualized vitamin D supplementation may still be considered in SLE care, particularly in the context of recommended photoprotection.