Background and Aim: In the era of deep learning, numerous models have emerged in the literature and various application domains. Transformer architectures, particularly, have gained popularity in deep learning, with diverse transformer-based computer vision algorithms. Attention convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been introduced to enhance image classification capabilities. In this context, we propose a novel attention convolutional model with the primary objective of detecting bipolar disorder using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Materials and Methods: To facilitate our study, we curated a unique OCT image dataset, initially comprising two distinct cases. For the development of an automated OCT image detection system, we introduce a new attention convolutional neural network named “TurkerNeXt”. This proposed Attention TurkerNeXt encompasses four key modules: (i) the patchify stem block, (ii) the Attention TurkerNeXt block, (iii) the patchify downsampling block, and (iv) the output block. In line with the swin transformer, we employed a patchify operation in this study. The design of the attention block, Attention TurkerNeXt, draws inspiration from ConvNeXt, with an added shortcut operation to mitigate the vanishing gradient problem. The overall architecture is influenced by ResNet18. Results: The dataset comprises two distinctive cases: (i) top to bottom and (ii) left to right. Each case contains 987 training and 328 test images. Our newly proposed Attention TurkerNeXt achieved 100% test and validation accuracies for both cases. Conclusions: We curated a novel OCT dataset and introduced a new CNN, named TurkerNeXt in this research. Based on the research findings and classification results, our proposed TurkerNeXt model demonstrated excellent classification performance. This investigation distinctly underscores the potential of OCT images as a biomarker for bipolar disorder.

Purpose: In the present study, the purpose was to examine the results of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements in patients diagnosed with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) by comparing them with healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 114 eyes were evaluated in this study (27 patients and 30 control group participants). After detailed biomicroscopic examinations of all participants by the same ophthalmologist, both eyes were evaluated by OCT. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) and macular thickness were calculated from OCT. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between the demographic data of the patient and control groups (p > 0.05). When OCT findings were evaluated, macular thickness and volume were not different between the groups (p > 0.05). With respect to RNFL, the left eye superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants, as well as the left eye’s total measurements were found to be thicker than those of controls (p < 0.05). In both eyes, the left eye nasal quadrant and APIS total score were negatively correlated, the total RNLF measurement of the right eye and APIS motivation subscale score were negatively correlated, central macular thickness and the APIS motivation subscale score were positively correlated, and the APIS substance use characteristics subscale score and left eye temporal quadrant RNLF measurement were positively correlated. Conclusion: Our study is the first to evaluate addiction severity and OCT findings in MUD. However, this study needs to be supported by further studies so that OCT findings, which can be used as an effective method for demonstrating possible neurodegeneration in methamphetamine use disorder, gain importance.

Objectives: The aims of the study were to assess the levels of serum TMAO, S-equol, and indoxyl sulfate in subjects with ocular active Behçet’s disease (OABD) and ocular inactive Behçet’s disease (OIBD). Methods: The study involved 22 patients with OABD, 22 patients with OIBD, and thwentythree control participants. 5 mL venous blood was taken from the participants. The TMAO, S-equol, and indoxyl sulfate in the serum were measured using the ELISA method. Results: When compared to the TMAO levels of the control group, the TMAO levels of the participants with OABD and OIBD were considerably greater (p<0.05). Similarly, when compared to the S-equol levels of the control group, the S-equol levels of the participants with OABD and OIBD were significantly higher (p<0.05). Additionally, when compared to the indoxyl sulfate of the control group, the indoxyl sulfate amounts of the participants OABD and OIBD were significantly higher (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was first time shown that microbiota molecules could have an impact on Behçet’s disease (BD) pathogenesis. Additionally, measuring these molecules in addition to the BD Ocular Attack Score 24 (BOS24) might offer advice to medical professionals regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the illness.

Purpose: Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (ACSCR) is a condition characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular thickening, and edema under the retinal layer. Although the underlying mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood, oxidative stress is considered to be a critical risk factor. The aim of this study was to shed light on the pathophysiology of ACSCR by investigating the levels of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), phoenixin (PNX), alarin (ALA), and spexin (SPX) molecules in ACSCR patients. Methods: The study included 30 ACSCR patients and 30 healthy individuals as controls. ACSCR was diagnosed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Five mL blood samples were collected from all participants following overnight fasting. The levels of TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX in the blood samples were measured using the ELISA method. Results: Visual acuity was found to be significantly reduced in ACSCR patients compared to the control group (<0.05), while macular thickness was increased (<0.05). Furthermore, TMAO, PNX, and ALA levels were significantly higher in ACSCR patients (<0.05), while SPX levels were significantly lower compared to the control group (<0.05). In ACSCR patients, there was a positive correlation between macular thickness and TMAO, PNX, and ALA; there was, however, a negative correlation with SPX. Additionally, visual acuity was negatively correlated with TMAO, PNX, and ALA, while SPX levels decreased as visual acuity decreased. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a correlation between the TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX levels of ACSCR patients and their visual acuity and macular thickness. Given the role of these molecules in ACSCR’s pathophysiology, they hold promise as potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up markers in the future.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery on psychosocial and functional quality of life. Methods: 50 adult strabismus patients who presented to our outpatient clinic with the complaint of strabismus in one eye were included in the study. Routine ophthalmologic examinations and strabismus controls were performed. With the diagnosis of monocular fixed eso/exotropia, unilateral horizontal muscle retraction and resection surgery were planned, and preoperative adult strabismus score (AS-20), Rosenberg self-esteem, body perception, and social appearance anxiety questionnaires were applied. A postoperative PD of 10 or less was considered success, and the questionnaires were repeated at the 2nd postoperative month. Results: The mean age of the patients was 21.54±3.95 (16-32) years. Twenty-two of the patients were female, and 28 were male. Pre-operative and post-operative strabismus AS-20 score, Rosenberg self-esteem, body perception, and social appearance anxiety scales showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion: Strabismus is an important disease that can cause difficulties in social life both in childhood and adulthood. The aim of strabismus surgery is to restore normal facial appearance as well as functional correction. Our study results showed that successful strabismus surgery can improve the psychosocial and functional quality of life.

This pilot study was conducted to investigate the presence of various bioactive compounds (copeptin, asprosin, and salusins) in the blood and tears of patients with glaucoma. A total of 83 subjects, including 28 patients with open-angle glaucoma, 28 patients with ocular hypertension, and 27 control volunteers, were enrolled in this study. The levels of salusin-α, salusin-β, copeptin, and asprosin in tears and venous blood samples were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients with open-angle glaucoma and those with ocular hypertension showed statistically significantly decreased levels of salusin-α and salusin-β in their blood and tears compared with those of control subjects (p<0.05), with the decrease being the most pronounced in patients with ocular hypertension (p<0.05). In contrast, the levels of copeptin and asprosin showed a statistically significant increase in both these patient groups compared with those of control subjects (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between intraocular pressure and blood and tear salusins. Fluids from patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension showed lower salusin levels. Patients with ocular hypertension had higher levels of copeptin and asprosin, but not those with open-angle glaucoma (except for asprosin, whose levels showed a slight but remarkable increase in plasma in patients with open-angle glaucoma). The pathogenesis of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma may be significantly impacted by these biomarkers.