Oxidative stress is a deteriorating condition that arises due to an imbalance between the reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system or defense of the body. The key reasons for the development of such conditions are malfunctioning of various cell organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, as well as physical and mental disturbances. The nervous system has a relatively high utilization of oxygen, thus making it particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which eventually leads to neuronal atrophy and death. This advances the development of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration-associated disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, dementia, and other memory disorders. It is imperative to treat such conditions as early as possible before they worsen and progress to irreversible damage. Oxidative damage can be negated by two mechanisms: improving the cellular defense system or providing exogenous antioxidants. Natural antioxidants can normally handle such oxidative stress, but they have limited efficacy. The valuable features of nanoparticles and/or nanomaterials, in combination with antioxidant features, offer innovative nanotheranostic tools as potential therapeutic modalities. Hence, this review aims to represent novel therapeutic approaches like utilizing nanoparticles with antioxidant properties and nanotheranostics as delivery systems for potential therapeutic applications in various neuroinflammation- and neurodegeneration-associated disease conditions.

This review highlights the current status of cyclodextrin-based formulations tested in human participants, highlighting ongoing clinical research in this area. It provides a comprehensive link between the structure, properties, and clinical applications of these formulations, bridging the gap between medical theory and practical use. The aim of this work is to support the future commercialization of cyclodextrin-based therapies for patient care. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for expanded clinical investigations on cyclodextrin-based formulations, particularly cyclodextrin-based polymers, to pave the way for their successful introduction to the market. This is related to the potential of cyclodextrin-based polymers as advanced drug delivery systems, improving the therapeutic efficacy of numerous drugs. Expanding clinical trials will contribute to the optimization of cyclodextrin-based polymer synthesis, boosting their effectiveness as nanocarriers and facilitating the discovery of new disease treatments.

As per WHO reports, about three-quarters (65-80%) of the world’s population seeks plants or plant-derived natural products for various diseases. The slow discovery of new synthetic molecules and rising resistance in microbes against existing ones has triggered an alarm for speeding up the development process for new molecules. Traditional system(s) of medicine and plant resources has been foresighted again by researchers to circumvent the situation. This review represents various plant genera which, either as a whole plant or their parts, have been reported possessing antimicrobial properties during the last decade. Before 2007, literature is already well cited in various books and reviews.

Background: The use of herbal medicines is on the rise throughout the world due to their perceived safety profile. However, incidences of herb-drug, herb-herb and herb-food interactions considering safety aspects have opened new arenas for discussion. Objective: The current study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the various types of herb interactions, the mechanisms involved, their assessment, and historical developments, keeping herbal safety at the central point of discussion. Methods: The authors undertook a focused/targeted literature review and collected data from various databases, including Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Springer, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Conventional literature on herbal remedies, such as those by the WHO and other international or national organizations. Results: The article considered reviewing the regulations, interaction mechanisms, and detection of herb-herb, herb-drug and herb-food interactions in commonly used yet vital plants, including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita, Aloe barbadensis, Zingiber officinale, Gingko biloba, Withania somnifera, etc. The study found that healthcare professionals worry about patients not informing them about their herbal prescriptions (primarily used with conventional treatment), which can cause herb-drug/herb-food/herb-herb interactions. These interactions were caused by altered pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes, which might be explained using in-vivo, in-vitro, in-silico, pharmacogenomics, and pharmacogenetics. Nutrivigilance may be the greatest method to monitor herb-food interactions, but its adoption is limited worldwide. Conclusion: This article can serve as a lead for clinicians, guiding them regarding herb-drug, herb-food, and herb-herb interactions induced by commonly consumed plant species. Patients may also be counseled to avoid conventional drugs, botanicals, and foods with a restricted therapeutic window.