This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
In this study, the in vitro effects of different Se concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 100 mg kg−1) from different Se forms (sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenomethionine, and selenocystine) on the development of a Fusarium proliferatum strain isolated from rice were investigated. A concentration-dependent effect was detected. Se reduced fungal growth starting from 10 mg kg−1 and increasing the concentration (15, 20, and 100 mg kg−1) enhanced the inhibitory effect. Se bioactivity was also chemical form dependent. Selenocystine was found to be the most effective at the lowest concentration (5 mg kg−1). Complete growth inhibition was observed at 20 mg kg−1 of Se from selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystine. Se speciation analysis revealed that fungus was able to change the Se speciation when the lowest Se concentration was applied. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed an alteration of the fungal morphology induced by Se. Considering that the inorganic forms have a higher solubility in water and are cheaper than organic forms, 20 mg kg−1 of Se from selenite can be suggested as the best combination suitable to inhibit F. proliferatum strain. The addition of low concentrations of Se from selenite to conventional fungicides may be a promising alternative approach for the control of Fusarium species.
Elisabetta Troni; Giovanni Beccari; Roberto D’Amato; Francesco Tini; David Baldo; Maria Teresa Senatore; Gian Maria Beone; Maria Chiara Fontanella; Antonio Prodi; Daniela Businelli; Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings. Plants 2021, 10, 1725 .
AMA StyleElisabetta Troni, Giovanni Beccari, Roberto D’Amato, Francesco Tini, David Baldo, Maria Teresa Senatore, Gian Maria Beone, Maria Chiara Fontanella, Antonio Prodi, Daniela Businelli, Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElisabetta Troni; Giovanni Beccari; Roberto D’Amato; Francesco Tini; David Baldo; Maria Teresa Senatore; Gian Maria Beone; Maria Chiara Fontanella; Antonio Prodi; Daniela Businelli; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2021. "In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Different Selenium Chemical Forms on the Growth of a Fusarium proliferatum Strain Isolated from Rice Seedlings." Plants 10, no. 8: 1725.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global cereal disease caused by a complex of Fusarium species. In Europe, the main species responsible for FHB are F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. However, members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC) have become increasingly important. FTSC fusaria can synthesize mycotoxins such as moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENNs) and several other biologically active secondary metabolites that could compromise food quality. In this study, FTSC isolates primarily from Italian durum wheat and barley, together with individual strains from four non-graminaceous hosts, were collected to assess their genetic diversity and determine their potential to produce mycotoxins in vitro on rice cultures. A multilocus DNA sequence dataset (TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2) was constructed for 117 isolates from Italy and 6 from Iran to evaluate FTSC species diversity and their evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analyses revealed wide genetic diversity among Italian FTSC isolates. Among previously described FTSC species, F. avenaceum (FTSC 4) was the most common species in Italy (56/117 = 47.9%) while F. tricinctum (FTSC 3), and F. acuminatum (FTSC 2) accounted for 11.1% (13/117) and the 8.5% (10/117), respectively. The second most detected species was a new and unnamed Fusarium sp. (FTSC 12; 32/117 = 19%) resolved as the sister group of F. tricinctum. Collectively, these four phylospecies accounted for 111/117 = 94.9% of the Italian FTSC collection. However, we identified five other FTSC species at low frequencies, including F. iranicum (FTSC 6) and three newly discovered species (Fusarium spp. FTSC 13, 14, 15). Of the 59 FTSC isolates tested for mycotoxin production on rice cultures, 54 and 55 strains, respectively, were able to produce detectable levels of ENNs and MON. In addition, we confirmed that the ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites such as chlamydosporol, acuminatopyrone, longiborneol, fungerin and butanolide is widespread across the FTSC.
M.T. Senatore; T.J. Ward; E. Cappelletti; G. Beccari; S.P. McCormick; M. Busman; I. Laraba; K. O'Donnell; A. Prodi. Species diversity and mycotoxin production by members of the Fusarium tricinctum species complex associated with Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley in Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2021, 109298 .
AMA StyleM.T. Senatore, T.J. Ward, E. Cappelletti, G. Beccari, S.P. McCormick, M. Busman, I. Laraba, K. O'Donnell, A. Prodi. Species diversity and mycotoxin production by members of the Fusarium tricinctum species complex associated with Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley in Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2021; ():109298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.T. Senatore; T.J. Ward; E. Cappelletti; G. Beccari; S.P. McCormick; M. Busman; I. Laraba; K. O'Donnell; A. Prodi. 2021. "Species diversity and mycotoxin production by members of the Fusarium tricinctum species complex associated with Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley in Italy." International Journal of Food Microbiology , no. : 109298.
In this study, durum wheat kernels harvested in three climatically different Italian cultivation areas (Emilia Romagna, Umbria and Sardinia) in 2015, were analyzed with a combination of different isolation methods to determine their fungal communities, with a focus on Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex composition, and to detect fungal secondary metabolites in the grains. The genus Alternaria was the main component of durum wheat mycobiota in all investigated regions, with the Central Italian cultivation area showing the highest incidence of this fungal genus and of its secondary metabolites. Fusarium was the second most prevalent genus of the fungal community in all cultivation environments, even if regional differences in species composition were detected. In particular, Northern areas showed the highest Fusarium incidence, followed by Central and then Southern cultivation areas. Focusing on the FHB complex, a predominance of Fusarium poae, in particular in Northern and Central cultivation areas, was found. Fusarium graminearum, in the analyzed year, was mainly detected in Emilia Romagna. Because of the highest Fusarium incidence, durum wheat harvested in the Northern cultivation area showed the highest presence of Fusarium secondary metabolites. These results show that durum wheat cultivated in Northern Italy may be subject to a higher FHB infection risk and to Fusarium mycotoxins accumulation.
Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Maria Teresa Senatore; Virgilio Balmas; Francesco Tini; Andrea Onofri; Luca Pedini; Michael Sulyok; Luca Brocca; Lorenzo Covarelli. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins 2020, 12, 97 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Antonio Prodi, Maria Teresa Senatore, Virgilio Balmas, Francesco Tini, Andrea Onofri, Luca Pedini, Michael Sulyok, Luca Brocca, Lorenzo Covarelli. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Maria Teresa Senatore; Virgilio Balmas; Francesco Tini; Andrea Onofri; Luca Pedini; Michael Sulyok; Luca Brocca; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains." Toxins 12, no. 2: 97.
Zymoseptoria tritici, a globally distributed pathogen, is responsible of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most damaging wheat diseases. In Italy the incidence of STB has increased during the past few years. The presence of Z. tritici on flag leaves of susceptible durum wheat plants, cultivar San Carlo, after a single artificial inoculation with two inoculum concentrations at different vegetative stages has been evaluated in the plain of Bologna (North of Italy), in a two year field study (2012–2013). The pathogen presence was also assessed in natural infection conditions after a fungicide application in the second year (2013). The results obtained, by visual examination (Incidence, Disease Severity) and DNA quantification by Real time PCR, demonstrated that BBCH 39 (flag leaf stage) is the most susceptible vegetative stage, independently of inoculum concentration and climatic conditions. A good correlation between Disease Severity and DNA quantity was observed in either sampling methods, entire flag leaves and flag leaf discs. Thereafter the most suitable period to obtain the best crop protection with only one fungicide treatment is the flag leaf stage.
S. Tonti; G. Alvisi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Prodi. DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment. Cereal Research Communications 2019, 47, 304 -313.
AMA StyleS. Tonti, G. Alvisi, A. Pisi, P. Nipoti, A. Prodi. DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment. Cereal Research Communications. 2019; 47 (2):304-313.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Tonti; G. Alvisi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Prodi. 2019. "DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment." Cereal Research Communications 47, no. 2: 304-313.
Zymoseptoria tritici, a globally distributed pathogen, is responsible of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most damaging wheat diseases. In Italy the incidence of STB has increased during the past few years. The presence of Z. tritici on flag leaves of susceptible durum wheat plants, cultivar San Carlo, after a single artificial inoculation with two inoculum concentrations at different vegetative stages has been evaluated in the plain of Bologna (North of Italy), in a two year field study (2012–2013). The pathogen presence was also assessed in natural infection conditions after a fungicide application in the second year (2013). The results obtained, by visual examination (Incidence, Disease Severity) and DNA quantification by Real time PCR, demonstrated that BBCH 39 (flag leaf stage) is the most susceptible vegetative stage, independently of inoculum concentration and climatic conditions. A good correlation between Disease Severity and DNA quantity was observed in either sampling methods, entire flag leaves and flag leaf discs. Thereafter the most suitable period to obtain the best crop protection with only one fungicide treatment is the flag leaf stage.
S. Tonti; G. Alvisi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Prodi. DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment. Cereal Research Communications 2019, 1 -10.
AMA StyleS. Tonti, G. Alvisi, A. Pisi, P. Nipoti, A. Prodi. DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment. Cereal Research Communications. 2019; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Tonti; G. Alvisi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Prodi. 2019. "DNA quantification to assess Zymoseptoria tritici on a susceptible cultivar of durum wheat to establish the best timing for fungicide application in an italian environment." Cereal Research Communications , no. : 1-10.
In 2016, symptoms of stem canker with branches dieback were detected in several Cannabis sativa L. crops, located in the northeast part of Italy (Rovigo district). Morphological and molecular identifications of the fungal colonies isolated revealed the presence of Neofusicoccum parvum. The pathogenicity was verified with Koch’s postulates setup. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum as a pathogen of C. sativa worldwide.
Ilaria Alberti; Antonio Prodi; Paola Nipoti; Gianpaolo Grassi. First report of Neofusicoccum parvum causing stem and branch canker on Cannabis sativa in Italy. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 2018, 125, 511 -513.
AMA StyleIlaria Alberti, Antonio Prodi, Paola Nipoti, Gianpaolo Grassi. First report of Neofusicoccum parvum causing stem and branch canker on Cannabis sativa in Italy. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 2018; 125 (5):511-513.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlaria Alberti; Antonio Prodi; Paola Nipoti; Gianpaolo Grassi. 2018. "First report of Neofusicoccum parvum causing stem and branch canker on Cannabis sativa in Italy." Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125, no. 5: 511-513.
Durum wheat samples harvested in central Italy (Umbria) were analyzed to: evaluate the occurrence of the fungal community in the grains, molecularly identify the Fusarium spp. which are part of the Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex and characterize the in vitro secondary metabolite profiles of a subset of Fusarium strains. The Fusarium genus was one of the main components of the durum wheat fungal community. The FHB complex was composed of eight species: Fusarium avenaceum (61%), F. graminearum (22%), F. poae (9%), F. culmorum (4%), F. proliferatum (2%), F. sporotrichioides (1%), F. sambucinum (0.5%) and F. langsethiae (0.5%). F. graminearum population was mainly composed of the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype, while, F. culmorum population was composed of the 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol chemotype. In vitro characterization of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was conducted for a wide spectrum of substances, showing the mycotoxigenic potential of the species complex. F. avenaceum strains were characterized by high enniantin and moniliformin production. F. graminearum strains were in prevalence deoxynivalenol producers. F. poae strains were characterized by a high biosynthesis of beauvericin like the F. sporotrichioides strain which was also found to be a high T-2/HT-2 toxins producer. Production of aurofusarin, butenolide, gibepyrone D, fusarin C, apicidin was also reported for the analyzed strains.
G. Beccari; V. Colasante; F. Tini; M.T. Senatore; A. Prodi; M. Sulyok; L. Covarelli. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Food Microbiology 2018, 70, 17 -27.
AMA StyleG. Beccari, V. Colasante, F. Tini, M.T. Senatore, A. Prodi, M. Sulyok, L. Covarelli. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Food Microbiology. 2018; 70 ():17-27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Beccari; V. Colasante; F. Tini; M.T. Senatore; A. Prodi; M. Sulyok; L. Covarelli. 2018. "Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites." Food Microbiology 70, no. : 17-27.
Fusarium crown rot (FCR), an important disease of wheat and barley, is mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum, which are also responsible for mycotoxin production. This is the first comparative investigation of their colonization on barley plants after stem base inoculation. At plant maturity, FCR symptoms were visually evaluated, fungal biomass was quantified by Real-Time quantitative PCR and deoxynivalenol (DON) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the inoculated strains caused the typical FCR necrotic symptoms. Real-Time PCR analysis showed that F. graminearum and F. culmorum were present in the head tissues, while F. pseudograminearum colonized only up to the area including the second node of the stem. Conversely, DON was detected up to the head for all the three species. This study shows that, as already demonstrated in previous research for wheat, DON may be detected up to the head as a consequence of stem base infection by the three FCR agents
Francesco Pecoraro; Marta Giannini; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Gianfranco Filippini; Annamaria Pisi; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi. Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum. Agricultural and Food Science 2018, 27, 74–83 -74–83.
AMA StyleFrancesco Pecoraro, Marta Giannini, Giovanni Beccari, Lorenzo Covarelli, Gianfranco Filippini, Annamaria Pisi, Paola Nipoti, Antonio Prodi. Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum. Agricultural and Food Science. 2018; 27 (1):74–83-74–83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Pecoraro; Marta Giannini; Giovanni Beccari; Lorenzo Covarelli; Gianfranco Filippini; Annamaria Pisi; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi. 2018. "Comparative studies about fungal colonization and deoxynivalenol translocation in barley plants inoculated at the base with Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium pseudograminearum." Agricultural and Food Science 27, no. 1: 74–83-74–83.
Fusarium pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum are the most important Fusarium Crown Rot (FCR) causal agents. They have the common ability to biosynthesize deoxynivalenol (DON). To elucidate the behaviour of each of the three species, a comparative study was carried out to investigate symptom progression, fungal systemic growth and translocation of DON following stem base inoculation of soft wheat. FCR symptoms were mainly localized in the inoculated area, which extended up to the second node for all inoculated species. Only the most aggressive strains caused symptoms up to the third node. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that fungal colonization reached the third node for all the tested species but a low percentage of plants showed colonization above the third node following inoculation with the most aggressive strains. Fungal growth was detected in asymptomatic tissues but none of the three species was able to colonise as far as the head tissues. However, even if the pathogens were not detected in the heads, DON was detected in head tissues of the plants inoculated with the most aggressive strains. These results demonstrate that F. pseudograminearum, F. culmorum and F. graminearum, under the same experimental conditions, followed a similar pattern in symptom progression, fungal colonization and DON translocation after stem base infection. Differences in the extent of symptoms, fungal colonization and mycotoxin distribution, were mainly attributable to strain aggressiveness. These findings provide comparative information on the events following infection of the stem base of wheat by three of the most important FCR casual agents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
G. Beccari; Antonio Prodi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Onofri; P. Nicholson; K. Pfohl; Petr Karlovsky; D. M. Gardiner; L. Covarelli. Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat. Plant Pathology 2018, 67, 1055 -1065.
AMA StyleG. Beccari, Antonio Prodi, A. Pisi, P. Nipoti, A. Onofri, P. Nicholson, K. Pfohl, Petr Karlovsky, D. M. Gardiner, L. Covarelli. Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat. Plant Pathology. 2018; 67 (5):1055-1065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Beccari; Antonio Prodi; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; A. Onofri; P. Nicholson; K. Pfohl; Petr Karlovsky; D. M. Gardiner; L. Covarelli. 2018. "Development of three fusarium crown rot causal agents and systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol following stem base infection of soft wheat." Plant Pathology 67, no. 5: 1055-1065.
An epidemic fungal disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum, responsible for fumonisin production (FB1, FB2, and FB3), has been reported in the main garlic-producing countries in recent years. Fumonisins are a group of structurally related toxic metabolites produced by this pathogen. The aim of this work was to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure, mostly applied to cereals, that is suitable for fumonisin detection in garlic and compare these results to those obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and screening of fresh and dehydrated garlic for toxicological risk. The results show good correlation between the two analytical methods. In fresh symptomatic garlic, fumonisin levels were higher in the basal plates than those in the portions with necrotic spots. Among the 56 commercially dehydrated garlic samples screened, three were positive by ELISA test and only one was above the limit of quantitation. The same samples analyzed by HPLC showed the presence of FB1 in trace amounts that was below the limit of quantitation; FB2 and FB3 were absent. The results are reassuring, because no substantial contamination by fumonisins was found in commercial garlic.
Stefano Tonti; Mara Mandrioli; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Tullia Gallina Toschi; Antonio Prodi. Detection of Fumonisins in Fresh and Dehydrated Commercial Garlic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2017, 65, 7000 -7005.
AMA StyleStefano Tonti, Mara Mandrioli, Paola Nipoti, Annamaria Pisi, Tullia Gallina Toschi, Antonio Prodi. Detection of Fumonisins in Fresh and Dehydrated Commercial Garlic. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2017; 65 (32):7000-7005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefano Tonti; Mara Mandrioli; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Tullia Gallina Toschi; Antonio Prodi. 2017. "Detection of Fumonisins in Fresh and Dehydrated Commercial Garlic." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 32: 7000-7005.
P. Motallebi; S. Tonti; V. Niknam; H. Ebrahimzadeh; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; M. Hashemi; A. Prodi. Induction of basal resistance by methyl jasmonate against Fusarium culmorum in bread wheat. Cereal Research Communications 2017, 45, 248 -259.
AMA StyleP. Motallebi, S. Tonti, V. Niknam, H. Ebrahimzadeh, A. Pisi, P. Nipoti, M. Hashemi, A. Prodi. Induction of basal resistance by methyl jasmonate against Fusarium culmorum in bread wheat. Cereal Research Communications. 2017; 45 (2):248-259.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Motallebi; S. Tonti; V. Niknam; H. Ebrahimzadeh; A. Pisi; P. Nipoti; M. Hashemi; A. Prodi. 2017. "Induction of basal resistance by methyl jasmonate against Fusarium culmorum in bread wheat." Cereal Research Communications 45, no. 2: 248-259.
In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of the Fusarium species associated with the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions on Fusarium infections and FHB complex composition was also investigated. Fusarium species were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents were F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence of Fusarium species changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many different Fusarium species and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence of Fusarium spp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Francesco Tini; Umberto Bonciarelli; Andrea Onofri; Souheib Oueslati; Marwa Limayma; Lorenzo Covarelli. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins 2017, 9, 120 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Antonio Prodi, Francesco Tini, Umberto Bonciarelli, Andrea Onofri, Souheib Oueslati, Marwa Limayma, Lorenzo Covarelli. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins. 2017; 9 (4):120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Francesco Tini; Umberto Bonciarelli; Andrea Onofri; Souheib Oueslati; Marwa Limayma; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2017. "Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy." Toxins 9, no. 4: 120.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe disease caused by different Fusarium species, which affects a wide range of cereal crops, including wheat. It determines from 10 to 30 % of yield loss in Europe. Chemical fungicides are mainly used to reduce the incidence of FHB, but low environmental impact solutions are looked forward. Applications of soil/rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents against FHB in wheat are described in literature, whereas the potential use of lactobacilli in agriculture has scarcely been explored. The aim of this work was to study the inhibitory effect of two bacterial strains, Lactobacillus plantarum SLG17 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FLN13, against Fusarium spp. in vitro and to assess their efficacy in field, coupled to the study of the microbial community profile of wheat seeds. Antimicrobial assays were performed on agar plates and showed that the two antagonistic strains possessed antimicrobial activity against Fusarium spp. In the field study, a mixture of the two strains was applied to durum wheat i) weekly from heading until anthesis and ii) at flowering, compared to untreated and fungicide treated plots. The FHB index, combining both disease incidence and disease severity, was used to evaluate the extent of the disease on wheat. A mixture of the two microorganisms, when applied in field from heading until anthesis, was capable of reducing the FHB index. Microbial community profile of seeds was studied via PCR-DGGE, showing the presence of L. plantarum SLG17 in wheat seeds and thus underlining an endophytic behavior of the strain. L. plantarum SLG17 and B. amyloliquefaciens FLN13, applied as biocontrol agents starting from the heading period until anthesis of wheat plants, are promising agents for the reduction of FHB index.
Loredana Baffoni; Francesca Gaggia; Nereida Dalanaj; Antonio Prodi; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Bruno Biavati; Diana Di Gioia. Microbial inoculants for the biocontrol of Fusarium spp. in durum wheat. BMC Microbiology 2015, 15, 242 .
AMA StyleLoredana Baffoni, Francesca Gaggia, Nereida Dalanaj, Antonio Prodi, Paola Nipoti, Annamaria Pisi, Bruno Biavati, Diana Di Gioia. Microbial inoculants for the biocontrol of Fusarium spp. in durum wheat. BMC Microbiology. 2015; 15 (1):242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoredana Baffoni; Francesca Gaggia; Nereida Dalanaj; Antonio Prodi; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Bruno Biavati; Diana Di Gioia. 2015. "Microbial inoculants for the biocontrol of Fusarium spp. in durum wheat." BMC Microbiology 15, no. 1: 242.
Root and crown rot of wheat, caused by Fusarium culmorum (Fc), is a serious disease worldwide, particularly in Iran. Currently, the mechanisms underlying resistance to Fusarium-caused diseases are still unknown. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been identified as a vital cellular regulator, and the effect of exogenous MeJA application during wheat-Fc interaction has not been studied previously at the molecular level. This study, using real-time quantitative PCR, was carried out to determine the expression of seven host defense-associated genes consisting of PR3, PR4, PR5, TaPERO, LOX, PAL and cytochrome P450 gene (CYP709C1) at 48, 72 and 96 h after Fc-inoculation (hai) and to investigate the relationship between the induced resistance by MeJA application and the gene expression patterns. The results showed that several genes were induced earlier (48 hai) and to higher levels in the resistant cv. Sumai3 than in susceptible cv. Falat. Many Fc-induced genes were also activated and induced by MeJA particularly during the later stages of infection; however, in contrast to defense-gene induction by the pathogen, there was not a general trend of higher induction in Sumai3 compared to Falat following this chemical treatment. The chemically induced protection significantly reduced the development of necrotic symptoms in both cultivars over a 3-week period after inoculation; however, this reduction was greater in Falat than in Sumai3 relative to the controls. Surprisingly, the expression of these genes was also expressed in crown tissue that had not yet been in contact with the fungus, signifying that a form of systemic response was taking place in this interaction. This is the first work reporting the effect of timing application of MeJA during Fc infection and comparing the defense-related gene expression between root and crown tissues of wheat genotypes. Moreover, soil-drench application of MeJA resulted in strong induction, verifying the success of this application method in systemically activating JA signaling for the first time. These results provided important intimations for designing strategies to curtail diseases caused by Fusarium.
Parastoo Motallebi; Vahid Niknam; Hassan Ebrahimzadeh; Majid Hashemi; Annamaria Pisi; Antonio Prodi; Stefano Tonti; Paola Nipoti. Methyl Jasmonate Strengthens Wheat Plants Against Root and Crown Rot Pathogen Fusarium culmorum Infection. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2015, 34, 624 -636.
AMA StyleParastoo Motallebi, Vahid Niknam, Hassan Ebrahimzadeh, Majid Hashemi, Annamaria Pisi, Antonio Prodi, Stefano Tonti, Paola Nipoti. Methyl Jasmonate Strengthens Wheat Plants Against Root and Crown Rot Pathogen Fusarium culmorum Infection. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2015; 34 (3):624-636.
Chicago/Turabian StyleParastoo Motallebi; Vahid Niknam; Hassan Ebrahimzadeh; Majid Hashemi; Annamaria Pisi; Antonio Prodi; Stefano Tonti; Paola Nipoti. 2015. "Methyl Jasmonate Strengthens Wheat Plants Against Root and Crown Rot Pathogen Fusarium culmorum Infection." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 34, no. 3: 624-636.
Contamination of wheat grain by beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a global emerging mycotoxicological food problem. In this study, strains of Fusarium avenaceum (FA), Fusarium poae (FP), Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium sporotrichioides, all potential BEA and EN producers, isolated from 162 grain samples of durum and soft wheat harvested in 2009 and 2010 collected in an area of central Italy, were preliminarily screened for the presence of the esyn1 gene, encoding the multifunctional enzyme enniatin-synthetase for the detection of potential hexadepsipeptide-producing isolates. All positive isolates were tested for their ability to biosynthesize BEA and ENs in vitro. In addition, all wheat samples were investigated for the natural presence of BEA and ENs (ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1). All FA and FP strains resulted to be positive for the presence of the esyn1 gene. All FA strains showed the ability to biosynthesize ENs in vitro but not BEA. Conversely, all FP strains resulted to be BEA producers and some of them co-biosynthesized ENs. A remarkable presence of "emerging" mycotoxins was found in the grains, particularly ENs. Co-contamination by BEA and ENs also occurred. This study gives an important contribution to assess the risk posed by mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in food.
L. Covarelli; G. Beccari; A. Prodi; S. Generotti; F. Etruschi; G. Meca; C. Juan; J. Mañes. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiology 2015, 46, 618 -626.
AMA StyleL. Covarelli, G. Beccari, A. Prodi, S. Generotti, F. Etruschi, G. Meca, C. Juan, J. Mañes. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiology. 2015; 46 ():618-626.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Covarelli; G. Beccari; A. Prodi; S. Generotti; F. Etruschi; G. Meca; C. Juan; J. Mañes. 2015. "Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy." Food Microbiology 46, no. : 618-626.
Giovanni Dinelli; Raffaella Di Silvestro; Ilaria Marotti; Sara Bosi; Valeria Bregola; Alessandro Di Loreto; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi; Pietro Catizone. Agronomic traits and deoxynivalenol contamination of two tetraploid wheat species (Triticum turgidum spp. durum, Triticum turgidum spp. turanicum) grown strictly under low input conditions. Italian Journal of Agronomy 2014, 9, 127 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Dinelli, Raffaella Di Silvestro, Ilaria Marotti, Sara Bosi, Valeria Bregola, Alessandro Di Loreto, Paola Nipoti, Antonio Prodi, Pietro Catizone. Agronomic traits and deoxynivalenol contamination of two tetraploid wheat species (Triticum turgidum spp. durum, Triticum turgidum spp. turanicum) grown strictly under low input conditions. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 2014; 9 (3):127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Dinelli; Raffaella Di Silvestro; Ilaria Marotti; Sara Bosi; Valeria Bregola; Alessandro Di Loreto; Paola Nipoti; Antonio Prodi; Pietro Catizone. 2014. "Agronomic traits and deoxynivalenol contamination of two tetraploid wheat species (Triticum turgidum spp. durum, Triticum turgidum spp. turanicum) grown strictly under low input conditions." Italian Journal of Agronomy 9, no. 3: 127.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is an important disease causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the work was to detect and characterise trichothecene producing Fusarium species in durum and soft wheat cultivated in an area of central Italy in 2009 and 2010 and to determine trichothecene contamination by LC‐MS/MS in the grain. F. graminearum s. str. was the most frequent species. In 2009, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. poae was higher than in 2010. Among F. graminearum strains, the 15‐acetyl deoxynivalenol (15‐ADON) chemotype could be found more frequently, followed by nivalenol (NIV) and 3‐ADON chemotypes, while all F. culmorum isolates belonged to the 3‐ADON chemotype. All F. poae strains were NIV chemotypes. In vitro trichothecene production confirmed molecular characterisation. Durum wheat was characterised by a higher average DON contamination with respect to soft wheat, NIV was always detected at appreciable levels while type‐A trichothecenes were mostly found in durum wheat samples in 2009 with 6% of samples exceeding the contamination level recently recommended by the European Union. Climatic conditions were confirmed to be predominant factors influencing mycotoxigenic species composition and mycotoxin contaminations. However, NIV contamination was found to occur irrespective of climatic conditions, suggesting that it may often represent an under‐estimated risk to be further investigated. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Lorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Silvia Generotti; Federico Etruschi; Cristina Juan; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2014, 95, 540 -551.
AMA StyleLorenzo Covarelli, Giovanni Beccari, Antonio Prodi, Silvia Generotti, Federico Etruschi, Cristina Juan, Emilia Ferrer, Jordi Mañes. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014; 95 (3):540-551.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenzo Covarelli; Giovanni Beccari; Antonio Prodi; Silvia Generotti; Federico Etruschi; Cristina Juan; Emilia Ferrer; Jordi Mañes. 2014. "Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95, no. 3: 540-551.
This article describes the application of an analytical method for the detection of 25 mycotoxins in wheat grain based on simultaneous extraction using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap®). Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA), an extra confirmation tool for samples that contain the target mycotoxins, was used. The analysis of 40 Syrian and 46 Italian wheat grain samples interestingly showed that Syrian samples were mainly contaminated with ochratoxin A and aflatoxins, whereas Italian samples with deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins were predominant in Italian samples compared to the Syrian. Among the analysed samples, only one was found containing zeralenone with level above the maximum European recommended concentration (100 ppb). These results confirm that climatic differences between Syria and Italy, both in Mediterranean basin, play a key role in the diversity of fungal genera and mycotoxins in wheat grains.
D. Alkadri; J. Rubert; A. Prodi; A. Pisi; Jordi Mañes; C. Soler. Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains from Italy and Syria. Food Chemistry 2014, 157, 111 -118.
AMA StyleD. Alkadri, J. Rubert, A. Prodi, A. Pisi, Jordi Mañes, C. Soler. Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains from Italy and Syria. Food Chemistry. 2014; 157 ():111-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Alkadri; J. Rubert; A. Prodi; A. Pisi; Jordi Mañes; C. Soler. 2014. "Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains from Italy and Syria." Food Chemistry 157, no. : 111-118.
Witoon Purahong; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Marc Lemmens; Antonio Prodi. Aggressiveness of different Fusarium graminearum chemotypes within a population from Northern-Central Italy. Mycoscience 2014, 55, 63 -69.
AMA StyleWitoon Purahong, Paola Nipoti, Annamaria Pisi, Marc Lemmens, Antonio Prodi. Aggressiveness of different Fusarium graminearum chemotypes within a population from Northern-Central Italy. Mycoscience. 2014; 55 (1):63-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWitoon Purahong; Paola Nipoti; Annamaria Pisi; Marc Lemmens; Antonio Prodi. 2014. "Aggressiveness of different Fusarium graminearum chemotypes within a population from Northern-Central Italy." Mycoscience 55, no. 1: 63-69.
Wheat is one of the main crops in Mediterranean countries, and its cultivation has an important role in the Syrian economy. In Syria, Fusarium head blight (FHB) has not been reported so far. Mycological analysis of 48 samples of wheat kernels collected from cultivation areas with different climatic conditions were performed in 2009 and 2010. Fungal isolates were identified at the genus level morphologically; Fusarium species were characterized morphologically and by species-specific PCR. The most frequent fungal genera found were Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp., with frequencies of 24.7% and 8.1%, respectively, while the frequency of Fusarium spp. was 1.5% of kernels. Most frequent Fusarium species were F. tricinctum (30% of all Fusarium isolates), F. culmorum (18%), F. equiseti (14%) and F. graminearum (13%). The mycotoxin production potential of selected Fusarium isolates was assessed by HPLC-MS analysis of rice cultures; chemotyping by PCR was carried out for comparison. All six F. graminearum strains tested produced small amounts (100 mg/kg); four strains produced NIV and six strains produced deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3Ac-DON). PCR chemotyping lead to an oversimplified picture, because all 3Ac-DON chemotype strains produced more DON than 3Ac-DON; furthermore, the strongest NIV producers produced significant amounts of DON. All tested strains of F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. pseudograminearum (two strains) and most F. equiseti strains (five of six strains) produced zearalenone. Grains of durum wheat were more frequently colonized by Fusarium spp. than grains of soft wheat. Incidence of Fusarium spp. in irrigated fields was higher than in rainfed fields. The incidence of Fusarium strains producing mycotoxins raises concerns about the risk of Fusarium head blight to Syria and its consequences for public health.
Dima Alkadri; Paola Nipoti; Katharina Doll; Petr Karlovsky; Antonio Prodi; Annamaria Pisi. Study of Fungal Colonization of Wheat Kernels in Syria with a Focus on Fusarium Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013, 14, 5938 -5951.
AMA StyleDima Alkadri, Paola Nipoti, Katharina Doll, Petr Karlovsky, Antonio Prodi, Annamaria Pisi. Study of Fungal Colonization of Wheat Kernels in Syria with a Focus on Fusarium Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2013; 14 (3):5938-5951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDima Alkadri; Paola Nipoti; Katharina Doll; Petr Karlovsky; Antonio Prodi; Annamaria Pisi. 2013. "Study of Fungal Colonization of Wheat Kernels in Syria with a Focus on Fusarium Species." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 3: 5938-5951.