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Mr. Rick Hogeboom
Twente Water Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7522NB, The Netherlands; Water Footprint Network, Enschede, 7522NB, The Netherlands

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0 CSR
0 Resilience
0 Sustainable Development
0 water scarcity
0 Natural Resources Management

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Water Footprint
water scarcity
Resilience
Water-energy-food nexus
Water stewardship
Economic water productivity

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Review article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
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Infrastructure systems are inextricably tied to society by providing a variety of vital services. These systems play a fundamental role in reducing the vulnerability of communities and increasing their resilience to natural and human-induced hazards. While various definitions of resilience for infrastructure systems exist, analyzing the resilience of these systems within cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary perspectives remains limited and fragmented in research and practice. With the aim to assist researchers and practitioners in advancing understanding of resilience in designing infrastructure systems, this systematic literature review synthesizes and complements existing knowledge on designing resilient vital infrastructures by identifying (1) key conceptual tensions and challenges, (2) engineering and non-engineering measures, and (3) directions for future research. Here, a conceptual framework is developed in which infrastructures are defined as a conglomeration of interdependent social–ecological–technical systems. In addition, we define resilient infrastructures as systems with ability to (i) anticipate and absorb disturbances, (ii) adapt/transform in response to changes, (iii) recover, and (iv) learn from prior unforeseen events. Our results indicate that conceptual and practical challenges in designing resilient infrastructures continue to exist. Hence these systems are still being built without taking resilience explicitly into account. Our review of measures and recent applications shows that the available measures have not been widely applied in designing resilient infrastructure systems. Key concerns to address are identified as (i) the integration of social, ecological, and technical resilience of infrastructure systems with explicit attention paid to cascading effects and dependencies across these complex systems and (ii) the development of new technologies to identify factors that create different recovery characteristics.

ACS Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Kathelijne Wijnberg; Bas Borsje; Norman Kerle; Jan Maarten Schraagen; Joanne Vinke-De Kruijf; Karst Geurs; Andreas Hartmann; Rick Hogeboom; Suzanne Hulscher. Review article: Towards resilient vital infrastructure systems – challenges, opportunities, and future research agenda. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2021, 21, 1383 -1407.

AMA Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Kathelijne Wijnberg, Bas Borsje, Norman Kerle, Jan Maarten Schraagen, Joanne Vinke-De Kruijf, Karst Geurs, Andreas Hartmann, Rick Hogeboom, Suzanne Hulscher. Review article: Towards resilient vital infrastructure systems – challenges, opportunities, and future research agenda. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2021; 21 (5):1383-1407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Kathelijne Wijnberg; Bas Borsje; Norman Kerle; Jan Maarten Schraagen; Joanne Vinke-De Kruijf; Karst Geurs; Andreas Hartmann; Rick Hogeboom; Suzanne Hulscher. 2021. "Review article: Towards resilient vital infrastructure systems – challenges, opportunities, and future research agenda." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5: 1383-1407.

Review article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Resilience thinking is increasingly promoted to address some of the grand challenges of the 21st century: providing water, energy, and food to all, while staying within the limits of the Earth system that is undergoing (climate) change. Concurrently, a partially overlapping body of literature on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has emerged through the realization that water, energy, and food systems are intricately linked—and should therefore be understood and managed in conjunction. This paper reviews recent scientific publications at the intersection of both concepts in order to i) examine the status quo on resilience thinking as it is applied in WEF nexus studies; ii) map the research landscape along major research foci and conceptualizations; iii) and propose a research agenda of topics distilled from gaps in the current research landscape. We identify key conceptualizations of both resilience and nexus framings that are used across studies, as we observe pronounced differences regarding the nexus’ nature, scope, emphasis and level of integration, and resilience’s scope, type, methodological and thematic foci. Promising research avenues include i) improving the understanding of resilience in the WEF nexus across scales, sectors, domains, and disciplines; ii) developing tools and indicators to measure and assess resilience of WEF systems; iii) bridging the implementation gap brought about by (governing) complexity; iv) integrating or reconciling resilience and nexus thinking; v) and considering other development principles and frameworks toward solving WEF challenges beside and beyond resilience, including control, efficiency, sustainability, and equity.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Bas W. Borsje; Mekdelawit M. Deribe; Freek D. van der Meer; Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Markus A. Meyer; Gül Özerol; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Andy D. Nelson. Resilience Meets the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Mapping the Research Landscape. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom, Bas W. Borsje, Mekdelawit M. Deribe, Freek D. van der Meer, Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Markus A. Meyer, Gül Özerol, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Andy D. Nelson. Resilience Meets the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Mapping the Research Landscape. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Bas W. Borsje; Mekdelawit M. Deribe; Freek D. van der Meer; Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Markus A. Meyer; Gül Özerol; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Andy D. Nelson. 2021. "Resilience Meets the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Mapping the Research Landscape." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9, no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 10 March 2020
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Infrastructure systems are inextricably tied to society by providing a variety of vital services. These systems play a fundamental role in reducing the vulnerability of communities and increasing their resilience to natural and human-induced hazards. While diverse definitions of the resilience engineering concept exist for the infrastructures, analysing resilience of these systems within cross sectoral and interdisciplinary perspectives remains limited and fragmented in research and practice. This review synthesizes and complements existing knowledge in designing resilient vital infrastructures with the aim to assist researchers and policy makers by identifying: (1) key conceptual tensions and challenges that arise when designing resilient infrastructure systems; (2) engineering and non-engineering based measures to enhance resilience of the vital infrastructures, including the best recent practices available; and (3) opportunities for future research in this field. Results from a systematic literature review combined with expert interviews are integrated into a conceptual framework in which infrastructures are defined as a conglomeration of interdependent social, ecological, and technical systems. Our results indicate that conceptual and practical challenges in designing resilient infrastructures continue to exist, hence these systems are still being built without taking resilience explicitly into account. A review of available measures and recent applications shows that these measures have not been widely applied in designing different systems. To advance our understanding of the resilience engineering concept for infrastructure systems, main pressing topics to address evolve around the: (i) integration of the combined social, ecological and technical resilience of infrastructure systems, focusing on cascading effects of failures and dependencies across these complex systems; and (ii) development of new technology to identify the factors that create different recovery characteristics for these socio-ecological-technical systems.

ACS Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Kathelijne Wijnberg; Bas Borsje; Norman Kerle; Jan Maarten Schraagen; Joanne Vinke de Kruijf; Karst Geurs; Andreas Hartmann; Rick Hogeboom; Suzanne Hulscher. Towards Resilient Vital Infrastructure Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research Agenda. 2020, 1 -41.

AMA Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Kathelijne Wijnberg, Bas Borsje, Norman Kerle, Jan Maarten Schraagen, Joanne Vinke de Kruijf, Karst Geurs, Andreas Hartmann, Rick Hogeboom, Suzanne Hulscher. Towards Resilient Vital Infrastructure Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research Agenda. . 2020; ():1-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar; Kathelijne Wijnberg; Bas Borsje; Norman Kerle; Jan Maarten Schraagen; Joanne Vinke de Kruijf; Karst Geurs; Andreas Hartmann; Rick Hogeboom; Suzanne Hulscher. 2020. "Towards Resilient Vital Infrastructure Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Research Agenda." , no. : 1-41.

Primer
Published: 01 March 2020 in One Earth
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Widespread water scarcity, water pollution, and depletion of freshwater resources are among the grand environmental challenges of the 21st century related to water. Central to these challenges is the fact that humanity uses too much water. But what are we using all that water for? The water footprint concept can help answer this question, and more. Addressing the relation between human freshwater consumption and water's grand environmental challenges, the water footprint concept resonates with stakeholders within and beyond the walls of science. This Primer describes the basics of the water footprint concept, how it works, and why it came about. Drawing from recent studies in the new research field of Water Footprint Assessment, it highlights some intriguing applications and delves into what is next on the exciting interdisciplinary research agenda.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom. The Water Footprint Concept and Water's Grand Environmental Challenges. One Earth 2020, 2, 218 -222.

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom. The Water Footprint Concept and Water's Grand Environmental Challenges. One Earth. 2020; 2 (3):218-222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom. 2020. "The Water Footprint Concept and Water's Grand Environmental Challenges." One Earth 2, no. 3: 218-222.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Earth's Future
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Increased water demand and overexploitation of limited freshwater resources lead to water scarcity, economic downturn and conflicts over water in many places around the world. A sensible policy measure to bridle humanity's water footprint, then, is to set local and time‐specific water footprint caps, to ensure that water appropriation for human uses remains within ecological boundaries. This study estimates – for all river basins in the world – monthly blue water flows that can be allocated to human uses, while explicitly earmarking water for nature. Addressing some implications of temporal variability, we quantify trade‐offs between potentially violating environmental flow requirements versus underutilizing available flow ‐ a trade‐off that is particularly pronounced in basins with a high seasonal and inter‐annual variability. We discuss several limitations and challenges that need to be overcome if setting WF caps is to become a practically applicable policy instrument, including the need (for policy makers) to reach agreement on which specific capping procedure to follow. We conclude by relating local and time‐specific water footprint caps to the Planetary Boundary for freshwater use.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Davey De Bruin; Joep Schyns; Maarten S. Krol; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Capping Human Water Footprints in the World's River Basins. Earth's Future 2020, 8, 1 .

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom, Davey De Bruin, Joep Schyns, Maarten S. Krol, Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Capping Human Water Footprints in the World's River Basins. Earth's Future. 2020; 8 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Davey De Bruin; Joep Schyns; Maarten S. Krol; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. 2020. "Capping Human Water Footprints in the World's River Basins." Earth's Future 8, no. 2: 1.

Letter
Published: 01 October 2019 in Environmental Research Letters
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Energy security for the EU is a priority of the European Commission. Although both blue and green water resources are increasingly scarce, the EU currently does not explicitly account for water resource use in its energy related policies. Here we quantify the freshwater resources required to produce the different energy sources in the EU, by means of the water footprint (WF) concept. We conduct the most geographically detailed consumptive WF assessment for the EU to date, based on the newest spatial databases of energy sources. We calculate that fossil fuels and nuclear energy are moderate water users (136–627 m3/terajoules (m3 TJ–1)). Of the renewable energy sources, wood, reservoir hydropower and first generation biofuels require large water amounts (9114–137 624 m3 TJ–1). The most water efficient are solar, wind, geothermal and run-of-river hydropower (1–117 m3 TJ–1). For the EU territory for the year 2015, our geographically detailed assessment results in a WF of energy production from domestic water resources of 198 km3, or 1068 litres per person per day. The WF of energy consumption is larger as the EU is to a high level dependent on imports for its energy supply, amounting to 242 km3 per year, or 1301 litres per person per day. The WF of energy production within the 281 EU statistical NUTS-2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) regions shows spatially heterogeneous values. Different energy sources produced and consumed in the EU contribute to and are produced under average annual and monthly blue water stress and green water scarcity. The amount of production under WS is especially high during summer months. Imported energy sources are also partly produced under WS, revealing risks to EU energy security due to externalisation. For the EU, to decarbonise and increase the share of renewables of its energy supply, it needs to formulate policies that take the water use of energy sources into account. In doing so, the spatial and temporal characteristics of water use and water stress should particularly be considered.

ACS Style

Davy Vanham; Hrvoje Medarac; Joep F Schyns; Rick J Hogeboom; Davide Magagna. The consumptive water footprint of the European Union energy sector. Environmental Research Letters 2019, 14, 104016 .

AMA Style

Davy Vanham, Hrvoje Medarac, Joep F Schyns, Rick J Hogeboom, Davide Magagna. The consumptive water footprint of the European Union energy sector. Environmental Research Letters. 2019; 14 (10):104016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davy Vanham; Hrvoje Medarac; Joep F Schyns; Rick J Hogeboom; Davide Magagna. 2019. "The consumptive water footprint of the European Union energy sector." Environmental Research Letters 14, no. 10: 104016.

Letters
Published: 09 April 2019 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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ACS Style

Joep F. Schyns; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Rick Hogeboom; Martijn J. Booij. Reply to van Noordwijk and Ellison: Moisture recycling: Key to assess hydrological impacts of land cover changes, but not to quantify water allocation to competing demands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116, 8104 -8104.

AMA Style

Joep F. Schyns, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Rick Hogeboom, Martijn J. Booij. Reply to van Noordwijk and Ellison: Moisture recycling: Key to assess hydrological impacts of land cover changes, but not to quantify water allocation to competing demands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 116 (17):8104-8104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joep F. Schyns; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Rick Hogeboom; Martijn J. Booij. 2019. "Reply to van Noordwijk and Ellison: Moisture recycling: Key to assess hydrological impacts of land cover changes, but not to quantify water allocation to competing demands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17: 8104-8104.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2019 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Green water––rainfall over land that eventually flows back to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration––is the main source of water to produce food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy. To understand how freshwater scarcity constrains production of these goods, we need to consider limits to the green water footprint (WFg), the green water flow allocated to human society. However, research traditionally focuses on scarcity of blue water––groundwater and surface water. Here we expand the debate on water scarcity by considering green water scarcity (WSg). At 5 × 5 arc-minute spatial resolution, we quantify WFg and the maximum sustainable level to this footprint (WFg,m), while accounting for green water requirements to support biodiversity. We then estimate WSg per country as the ratio of the national aggregate WFg to the national aggregate WFg,m. We find that globally WFg amounts to 56% of WFg,m, and overshoots it in several places, for example in countries in Europe, Central America, the Middle East, and South Asia. The sustainably available green water flows in these countries are mostly or fully allocated to human activities (predominately agriculture and forestry), occasionally at the cost of green water flows earmarked for nature. By ignoring limits to the growing human WFg, we risk further loss of ecosystem values that depend on the remaining untouched green water flows. We emphasize that green water is a critical and limited resource that should explicitly be part of any assessment of water scarcity, food security, or bioenergy potential.

ACS Style

Joep F. Schyns; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Martijn J. Booij; Rick Hogeboom; Mesfin M. Mekonnen. Limits to the world’s green water resources for food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2019, 116, 4893 -4898.

AMA Style

Joep F. Schyns, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Martijn J. Booij, Rick Hogeboom, Mesfin M. Mekonnen. Limits to the world’s green water resources for food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019; 116 (11):4893-4898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joep F. Schyns; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Martijn J. Booij; Rick Hogeboom; Mesfin M. Mekonnen. 2019. "Limits to the world’s green water resources for food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11: 4893-4898.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
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Urban water security is a major concern in the context of urbanization and climate change. Water security goes beyond having good infrastructure or good governance. Systems thinking can help in understanding the mechanisms that influence the long-term water security of a city. Therefore, we developed a dashboard of 56 indicators based on the pressure-state-impact-response (PSIR) framework. We applied the dashboard to ten cities to capture different characteristics of their water security and ranked the cities based on their overall water security index score. We found the highest levels of water security in wealthy cities in water-abundant environments (Amsterdam and Toronto), in which security is determined by the ability of the city to mitigate flood risks and the sustainability of hinterland dependencies for water supply. The lowest security was found in developing cities (Nairobi, Lima, and Jakarta). Here, the combination of large socioeconomic pressures (e.g., rapid population growth, slums, low GDP, polluting industries) and an inadequate response (weak institutions, and poor planning and operational management) leads to inappropriate fulfilment of all functions of the urban water system.

ACS Style

Kees C. H. Van Ginkel; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Joost Buurman; Rick J. Hogeboom. Urban Water Security Dashboard: Systems Approach to Characterizing the Water Security of Cities. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2018, 144, 04018075 .

AMA Style

Kees C. H. Van Ginkel, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Joost Buurman, Rick J. Hogeboom. Urban Water Security Dashboard: Systems Approach to Characterizing the Water Security of Cities. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2018; 144 (12):04018075.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kees C. H. Van Ginkel; Arjen Y. Hoekstra; Joost Buurman; Rick J. Hogeboom. 2018. "Urban Water Security Dashboard: Systems Approach to Characterizing the Water Security of Cities." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 144, no. 12: 04018075.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Advances in Water Resources
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The formulation of water footprint (WF) benchmarks in crop production – i.e. identifying reference levels of reasonable amounts of water consumption and pollution per tonne of crop produced – has been suggested as a promising strategy to counter inefficient water use and pollution. The current study is the first to show how setting WF benchmarks may help alleviate groundwater scarcity and pollution, in a case study for Iran. We advance the field of WF assessment by developing WF benchmark levels for crop production, which we successively use to assess potential groundwater saving, quality improvement and economic water productivity gains. First, we calculate climate-specific WF benchmark levels for both total blue water footprints and nitrogen-related grey groundwater footprints for 26 crops, for all years in the period 1980-2010, at 5 × 5 arc min spatial resolution. Second, we estimate the water saving potential for total blue water resources and for groundwater resources specifically, as well as the grey groundwater footprint reduction potential. Finally, we compare mean economic water productivities of crop production in the past with productivities if WFs are reduced to benchmark levels. We find that groundwater comprises up to 83% of total blue water consumption of irrigated crops, with the highest share in arid areas and in cereals. Aquifers are under significant to severe stress, except in the dry sub-humid zone, where irrigation mainly relies on surface water. Reducing WFs of crops to 25th percentile benchmark levels can save 32% of groundwater compared to the reference year 2010, and lower the nitrogen-related grey groundwater footprint by 23%. Moreover, it would increase average economic groundwater productivity in Iran by 20% for cereals, and 59% for nuts. We conclude that reducing WFs to climate-specific benchmark levels in a water-stressed country is a promising way to alleviate overexploitation of aquifers and increase national food security.

ACS Style

Fatemeh Karandish; Arjen.Y. Hoekstra; Rick J. Hogeboom. Groundwater saving and quality improvement by reducing water footprints of crops to benchmarks levels. Advances in Water Resources 2018, 121, 480 -491.

AMA Style

Fatemeh Karandish, Arjen.Y. Hoekstra, Rick J. Hogeboom. Groundwater saving and quality improvement by reducing water footprints of crops to benchmarks levels. Advances in Water Resources. 2018; 121 ():480-491.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatemeh Karandish; Arjen.Y. Hoekstra; Rick J. Hogeboom. 2018. "Groundwater saving and quality improvement by reducing water footprints of crops to benchmarks levels." Advances in Water Resources 121, no. : 480-491.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Although corporate social responsibility in general and corporate water stewardship specifically are of increasing concern to businesses, investors are lagging behind in fostering water sustainable investment practices – despite the large impact their investment decisions have on the state and shape of tomorrow's water resources. This paper is the first-ever study to assess whether and how investors include water sustainability criteria in their investment decisions, by scrutinizing their publicly released policies on the topic. We hereto (1) developed an assessment framework using the water footprint concept, (2) applied it to twenty large investors in a case study for the Netherlands, and (3) ranked them accordingly. We found that, by and large, water sustainability is a blind spot to investors, resulting in disclosed policies being neither well-demarcated nor clearly formulated, especially regarding the supply chain of the activities invested in. There is a long way to go before investors can ensure efficient, sustainable and fair water use in their investment policy, but our framework helps investors direct their urgently needed improvement process, to transition toward water sustainable production systems in a circular economy.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Ilja Kamphuis; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Water sustainability of investors: Development and application of an assessment framework. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 202, 642 -648.

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom, Ilja Kamphuis, Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Water sustainability of investors: Development and application of an assessment framework. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 202 ():642-648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Ilja Kamphuis; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. 2018. "Water sustainability of investors: Development and application of an assessment framework." Journal of Cleaner Production 202, no. : 642-648.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Advances in Water Resources
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For centuries, humans have resorted to building dams to gain control over freshwater available for human consumption. Although dams and their reservoirs have made many important contributions to human development, they receive negative attention as well, because of the large amounts of water they can consume through evaporation. We estimate the blue water footprint of the world's artificial reservoirs and attribute it to the purposes hydroelectricity generation, irrigation water supply, residential and industrial water supply, flood protection, fishing and recreation, based on their economic value. We estimate that economic benefits from 2235 reservoirs included in this study amount to 265 × 109 US$ a year, with residential and industrial water supply and hydroelectricity generation as major contributors. The water footprint associated with these benefits is the sum of the water footprint of dam construction (< 1 % contribution) and evaporation from the reservoir's surface area, and globally adds up to 66 × 109 m3 y−1. The largest share of this water footprint (57 %) is located in non-water scarce basins and only 1 % in year-round scarce basins. The primary purposes of a reservoir change with increasing water scarcity, from mainly hydroelectricity generation in non-scarce basins, to residential and industrial water supply, irrigation water supply and flood control in scarcer areas.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Luuk Knook; Arjen Hoekstra. The blue water footprint of the world's artificial reservoirs for hydroelectricity, irrigation, residential and industrial water supply, flood protection, fishing and recreation. Advances in Water Resources 2018, 113, 285 -294.

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom, Luuk Knook, Arjen Hoekstra. The blue water footprint of the world's artificial reservoirs for hydroelectricity, irrigation, residential and industrial water supply, flood protection, fishing and recreation. Advances in Water Resources. 2018; 113 ():285-294.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Luuk Knook; Arjen Hoekstra. 2018. "The blue water footprint of the world's artificial reservoirs for hydroelectricity, irrigation, residential and industrial water supply, flood protection, fishing and recreation." Advances in Water Resources 113, no. : 285-294.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2017 in Water
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In deciding what crops to grow, farmers will look at, among other things, the economically most productive use of the water and land resources that they have access to. However, optimizing water and land use at the farm level may result in total water and land footprints at the catchment level that are in conflict with sustainable resource use. This study explores how data on water and land footprints, and on economic water and land productivity can inform micro-level decision making of crop choice, in the macro-level context of sustainable resource use. For a proposed sericulture project in Malawi, we calculated water and land footprints of silk along its production chain, and economic water and land productivities. We compared these to current cropping practices, and addressed the implications of water consumption at the catchment scale. We found that farmers may prefer irrigated silk production over currently grown rain-fed staple crops, because its economic water and land productivity is higher than that for currently grown crops. However, because the water footprint of irrigated silk is higher, sericulture will increase the pressure on local water resources. Since water consumption in the catchment generally does not exceed the maximum sustainable footprint, sericulture is a viable alternative crop for farmers in the case study area, as long as silk production remains small-scale (~3% of the area at most) and does not depress local food markets.

ACS Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Water and Land Footprints and Economic Productivity as Factors in Local Crop Choice: The Case of Silk in Malawi. Water 2017, 9, 802 .

AMA Style

Rick J. Hogeboom, Arjen Y. Hoekstra. Water and Land Footprints and Economic Productivity as Factors in Local Crop Choice: The Case of Silk in Malawi. Water. 2017; 9 (10):802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick J. Hogeboom; Arjen Y. Hoekstra. 2017. "Water and Land Footprints and Economic Productivity as Factors in Local Crop Choice: The Case of Silk in Malawi." Water 9, no. 10: 802.

Short article
Published: 27 March 2017 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Science
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The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 underlines the importance of Science and Technology (S&T) and S&T networks for effective disaster risk reduction (DRR). The knowledge of existing S&T networks and their exact role in DRR, however, is limited. This opinion piece initiates a discussion on the role of S&T networks in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. The article highlights that current practice is oriented towards a narrative that emphasizes the potential of S&T for DRR and stresses a collaborative approach delivered through networks. But a true understanding of whether and how S&T networks can mobilize and enable S&T for DRR is missing. We call for a review of existing S&T networks for DRR and the development of good practice guidelines on S&T networks for DRR. This review should include knowledge on how to overcome common challenges and maximize the benefits, along with a framework for successful evaluation of such networks. This knowledge would provide much needed guidance for existing and emerging networks.

ACS Style

Robert Šakić Trogrlić; Lydia Cumiskey; Annisa Triyanti; Melanie J. Duncan; Nuha Eltinay; Rick Hogeboom; Mansi Jasuja; Chinaporn Meechaiya; Christina J. Pickering; Virginia Murray. Science and Technology Networks: A Helping Hand to Boost Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030? International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017, 8, 100 -105.

AMA Style

Robert Šakić Trogrlić, Lydia Cumiskey, Annisa Triyanti, Melanie J. Duncan, Nuha Eltinay, Rick Hogeboom, Mansi Jasuja, Chinaporn Meechaiya, Christina J. Pickering, Virginia Murray. Science and Technology Networks: A Helping Hand to Boost Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030? International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2017; 8 (1):100-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robert Šakić Trogrlić; Lydia Cumiskey; Annisa Triyanti; Melanie J. Duncan; Nuha Eltinay; Rick Hogeboom; Mansi Jasuja; Chinaporn Meechaiya; Christina J. Pickering; Virginia Murray. 2017. "Science and Technology Networks: A Helping Hand to Boost Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030?" International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 8, no. 1: 100-105.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2015 in Water Resources Management
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This study presents the state-of-the-art understanding of the data-scarce and hydrogeologically complex groundwater system of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, with the particular aim of exploring the influence groundwater abstractions have on Lake Naivasha’s water level. We developed multiple alternative but plausible parameterizations for a MODFLOW groundwater model, based on literature, existing models and available data, while trying not to over-complicate the model. In doing so, we illustrate a possible strategy of going about data-scarce regions in modelling in general. Processes encountered in the calibrated parameterizations show groundwater flows laterally from the escarpments to the valley floor and axially from the lake along the Rift, with a larger portion flowing out southward than northward. Extraction of groundwater interrupts the flow from the northwestern highlands to the lake, leading to a lake stage reduction of 0.7–7.5 cm due to abstractions at our target farm (Flower Business Park) or an implied 7–75 cm due to total groundwater abstractions in the area. Although this study demonstrates our understanding of Naivasha’s groundwater system remains fragile and the current model cannot be embedded in operational water management yet, it (i) reflects the contemporary understanding of the local groundwater system, (ii) illustrates how to go about modelling in data-scarce environments and (iii) provides a means to assess focal areas for future data collection and model improvements.

ACS Style

Rick H. J. Hogeboom; Pieter van Oel; Maarten S. Krol; Martijn J. Booij. Modelling the Influence of Groundwater Abstractions on the Water Level of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Under Data-Scarce Conditions. Water Resources Management 2015, 29, 4447 -4463.

AMA Style

Rick H. J. Hogeboom, Pieter van Oel, Maarten S. Krol, Martijn J. Booij. Modelling the Influence of Groundwater Abstractions on the Water Level of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Under Data-Scarce Conditions. Water Resources Management. 2015; 29 (12):4447-4463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rick H. J. Hogeboom; Pieter van Oel; Maarten S. Krol; Martijn J. Booij. 2015. "Modelling the Influence of Groundwater Abstractions on the Water Level of Lake Naivasha, Kenya Under Data-Scarce Conditions." Water Resources Management 29, no. 12: 4447-4463.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2013 in Water Resources Management
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This study discusses the effects of water abstractions from two alternative sources on the available water volume around Lake Naivasha, Kenya: the lake itself and a connected aquifer. An estimation of the water abstraction pattern for the period 1999–2010 is made and its effect on the available water volume in Lake Naivasha and its connected aquifer is evaluated using a simple water balance modeling approach. This study shows that accurate estimates of annual volume changes of Lake Naivasha can be made using a simple monthly water balance approach that takes into account the exchange of water between the lake and its connected aquifer. The amount of water that is used for irrigation in the area around Lake Naivasha has a substantial adverse effect on the availability of water. Simulation results of our simple water balance model suggests that abstractions from groundwater affect the lake volume less than direct abstractions from the lake. Groundwater volumes, in contrast, are much more affected by groundwater abstractions and therefore lead to much lower groundwater levels. Moreover, when groundwater is used instead of surface water, evaporation losses from the lake are potentially higher due to a larger lake surface area. If that would be the case then the overall water availability in the area is more strongly affected by the abstraction of groundwater than by the abstraction of surface water. Therefore water managers should be cautious when using lake levels as the only indicator of water availability for restricting water abstractions.

ACS Style

Pieter R. Van Oel; Dawit W. Mulatu; Vincent Odongo; Frank M. Meins; Rick Hogeboom; Robert Becht; Alfred Stein; Japheth O. Onyando; Anne Van Der Veen. The Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water Use on Total Water Availability and Implications for Water Management: The Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Water Resources Management 2013, 27, 3477 -3492.

AMA Style

Pieter R. Van Oel, Dawit W. Mulatu, Vincent Odongo, Frank M. Meins, Rick Hogeboom, Robert Becht, Alfred Stein, Japheth O. Onyando, Anne Van Der Veen. The Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water Use on Total Water Availability and Implications for Water Management: The Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Water Resources Management. 2013; 27 (9):3477-3492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pieter R. Van Oel; Dawit W. Mulatu; Vincent Odongo; Frank M. Meins; Rick Hogeboom; Robert Becht; Alfred Stein; Japheth O. Onyando; Anne Van Der Veen. 2013. "The Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water Use on Total Water Availability and Implications for Water Management: The Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya." Water Resources Management 27, no. 9: 3477-3492.