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Dr. R. Steven Pappas
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 metalloids
0 Analysis of tobacco and cannabis products including electronic nicotine delivery systems
0 Electronic cannabinoid delivery systems
0 And their smoke and aerosol emissions for toxic metals
0 And inorganic particles

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Analysis of tobacco and cannabis products including electronic nicotine delivery systems

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Accepted manuscript
Published: 14 July 2020 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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The popularity of electronic cigarettes (electronic nicotine delivery systems or ENDS) has grown rapidly over the past decade. With the continued evolution of ENDS, and the arrival of newer replaceable pod devices on the market, it is prudent to examine their emissions to help determine potential health risks to the user. Metal-containing particles were examined in aerosol from several pod-based devices from three manufacturers that offer flavored liquids in their respective products. Previous ENDS metal emissions studies focused on the total toxic metal concentrations in aerosols and have suggested that the principal sources are oxidized internal metal components that are in contact with the liquid. Most metal oxides have limited solubility, and it is likely that some metal content in ENDS aerosol may present as particles rather than dissolved forms. Examining the composition and number of particles in the ENDS aerosols is important because inhaled metal oxide particles cause pulmonary inflammation. Chronic inhalation of ENDS aerosol may lead to inflammatory cell activation in the lungs. Therefore, this study was designed to measure metal oxide particle concentrations and sizes in ENDS aerosols from select pod-based systems. Aerosol samples were generated with pod liquids (tobacco, mint or menthol) from devices produced by three manufacturers using CORESTA Recommended Method 81 parameters with a high-purity fluoropolymer aerosol trap. Particle sizes for chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin and lead oxides were measured in triplicate using single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and dynamic light scattering. A novel aspect of these measurements included using dual element particle analysis to infer particle source component material. Particle concentrations in aerosols from the devices were variable between devices and from pod to pod, ranging from no detectable chromium- and zinc-containing particles in aerosol from some pods to 222,000 lead containing particles per 10 puffs from individual pods.

ACS Style

R Steven Pappas; Naudia Gray; Mary Halstead; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson. Toxic Metal-Containing Particles in Aerosols from Pod-Type Electronic Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2020, 45, 337 -347.

AMA Style

R Steven Pappas, Naudia Gray, Mary Halstead, Liza Valentin-Blasini, Clifford Watson. Toxic Metal-Containing Particles in Aerosols from Pod-Type Electronic Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2020; 45 (4):337-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R Steven Pappas; Naudia Gray; Mary Halstead; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson. 2020. "Toxic Metal-Containing Particles in Aerosols from Pod-Type Electronic Cigarettes." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 45, no. 4: 337-347.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method’s limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components’ compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was

ACS Style

Naudia Gray; Mary Halstead; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson; R. Steven Pappas. Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4450 .

AMA Style

Naudia Gray, Mary Halstead, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Liza Valentin-Blasini, Clifford Watson, R. Steven Pappas. Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (22):4450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naudia Gray; Mary Halstead; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson; R. Steven Pappas. 2019. "Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4450.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2019 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Since 2006 the domestic popularity and sales of electronic cigarettes (i.e., electronic nicotine delivery systems or ENDS) have grown rapidly. Although the constituents of the aerosol produced by ENDS have been previously investigated, differences in puff regimens and aerosol trapping schema in published literature often complicate result comparisons and data interpretation. As the ENDS product designs continue to evolve, there is a critical need to develop and validate robust methodologies for laboratory testing, appropriate aerosol generation and trapping media required for accurate determinations of ENDS aerosol metals deliveries. A simple, high metals purity, fluoropolymer trap was developed and validated that meets standard machine puffing regimen (CORESTA Recommended Method 81) specifications and exhibits negligible acid extractable metal backgrounds. Using a standard machine puffing regimen in combination with a fluoropolymer condensation trap, aerosol was generated and collected from select ENDS devices for analysis of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead with triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Devices tested spanned a range of commercial products, including flavored variants of JUUL pods, refillable tank systems, rechargeable cartridges, and single-use ENDs devices. Results showed that for aerosols generated under a fixed puffing regimen (50 puffs/collection), metal concentrations ranged from below the detection limits (LOD) to 614 ng copper and 339 ng zinc per 10 puffs. Cadmium concentrations were below LOD for all devices tested. Device specific aerosol levels of Sn and Pb ranged from below LOD to low nanogram levels. Cr and Ni were transported in aerosols at levels equivalent to, or slightly higher than in mainstream cigarette smoke using a standard smoking regimen. The generally lower levels of specific metals, Cd and Pb, transmitted in ENDS aerosols compared to mainstream cigarette smoke reflect possible reduction of harm for smokers who substitute the use of ENDS as cessation devices in place of smoking cigarettes.

ACS Style

Mary Halstead; Naudia Gray; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark Fresquez; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson; R Steven Pappas. Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using a Novel Trap Design. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2019, 44, 149 -155.

AMA Style

Mary Halstead, Naudia Gray, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Mark Fresquez, Liza Valentin-Blasini, Clifford Watson, R Steven Pappas. Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using a Novel Trap Design. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2019; 44 (2):149-155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary Halstead; Naudia Gray; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark Fresquez; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford Watson; R Steven Pappas. 2019. "Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using a Novel Trap Design." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 44, no. 2: 149-155.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2018 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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A quantitative method for the analysis of aluminum in tobacco products was developed, validated and applied to select samples. Samples were prepared using standard microwave digestion of tobacco from various products. Detection and quantification utilized sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Method applicability to analyze aluminum in a range of tobacco products was demonstrated with quantitative analyses of smokeless tobacco products, cigarette tobacco, little cigar tobacco and roll-your-own/pipe tobacco. Though these products represent a convenience sampling, we observed that smokeless tobacco products, as a category, had the lowest average aluminum concentrations. Roll-your-own or pipe tobacco and little cigar tobacco had higher median and ranges of aluminum concentrations than cigarette and smokeless tobacco samples.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Clifford H. Watson; Liza Valentin-Blasini. Aluminum in Tobacco Products Available in the United States. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2018, 42, 637 -641.

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Clifford H. Watson, Liza Valentin-Blasini. Aluminum in Tobacco Products Available in the United States. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2018; 42 (9):637-641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Clifford H. Watson; Liza Valentin-Blasini. 2018. "Aluminum in Tobacco Products Available in the United States." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 42, no. 9: 637-641.

Review
Published: 29 September 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.

ACS Style

Patricia Richter; Obaid Faroon; R. Steven Pappas. Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 1154 .

AMA Style

Patricia Richter, Obaid Faroon, R. Steven Pappas. Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (10):1154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Richter; Obaid Faroon; R. Steven Pappas. 2017. "Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1154.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2017 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Chromium is transported in mainstream tobacco smoke at very low concentrations. However, when chromium is deposited too deeply in the lungs for mucociliary clearance, or is in a particle that is too large to pass directly through tissues, it bioaccumulates in the lungs of smokers. It is important to determine the concentrations of chromium that are transported in mainstream smoke.

ACS Style

Mark R. Fresquez; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2017, 41, 307 -312.

AMA Style

Mark R. Fresquez, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Naudia Gray, Liza Valentin-Blasini, Clifford H. Watson, R. Steven Pappas. Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2017; 41 (4):307-312.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark R. Fresquez; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Liza Valentin-Blasini; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. 2017. "Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 41, no. 4: 307-312.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2016 in Tobacco Regulatory Science
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Objective: To provide researchers an extensive characterization of the SPECTRUM variable nicotine research cigarettes. Methods: Data on cigarette physical properties, nicotine content, and harmful and potentially harmful constituents in the tobacco filler were compiled. Results: Data on physical properties, concentrations of menthol, nicotine and minor alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ammonia, and toxic metals in the filler tobacco for all available varieties of SPECTRUM research cigarettes are provided. The similarity in the chemistry and physical properties of SPECTRUM cigarettes to commercial cigarettes renders them acceptable for use in behavioral studies. Baseline information on harmful and potentially harmful constituents in research tobacco products, particularly constituent levels such as minor alkaloids that fall outside typical ranges reported for commercial products, provide researchers with the opportunity to monitor smoking behavior and to identify biomarkers that will inform efforts to understand the role of nicotine in creating and sustaining addiction. Conclusions: Well characterized research cigarettes suitable for human consumption are an important tool in clinical studies for investigating the physiological impacts of cigarettes delivering various levels of nicotine, the impact of reduced nicotine cigarettes on nicotine addiction, and the relationship between nicotine dose and smoking behavior.

ACS Style

Patricia Richter; R. Steven Pappas; Roberto Bravo; Joeseph G. Lisko; Maria Damian; Nathalie Gonzales‐Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Lisa M. Keong; Jacob B. Kimbrell; Peter Kuklenyik; Tamela S. Lawler; Grace E. Lee; Magaly Mendez; Jose Perez; Shakia Smith; Hang Tran; Robert Tyx; Clifford H. Watson. Characterization of SPECTRUM Variable Nicotine Research Cigarettes. Tobacco Regulatory Science 2016, 2, 94 -105.

AMA Style

Patricia Richter, R. Steven Pappas, Roberto Bravo, Joeseph G. Lisko, Maria Damian, Nathalie Gonzales‐Jimenez, Naudia Gray, Lisa M. Keong, Jacob B. Kimbrell, Peter Kuklenyik, Tamela S. Lawler, Grace E. Lee, Magaly Mendez, Jose Perez, Shakia Smith, Hang Tran, Robert Tyx, Clifford H. Watson. Characterization of SPECTRUM Variable Nicotine Research Cigarettes. Tobacco Regulatory Science. 2016; 2 (2):94-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Richter; R. Steven Pappas; Roberto Bravo; Joeseph G. Lisko; Maria Damian; Nathalie Gonzales‐Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Lisa M. Keong; Jacob B. Kimbrell; Peter Kuklenyik; Tamela S. Lawler; Grace E. Lee; Magaly Mendez; Jose Perez; Shakia Smith; Hang Tran; Robert Tyx; Clifford H. Watson. 2016. "Characterization of SPECTRUM Variable Nicotine Research Cigarettes." Tobacco Regulatory Science 2, no. 2: 94-105.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2016 in International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
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Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) supplies information that is complementary to those data traditionally obtained using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for analysis of inorganic tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents.

ACS Style

R Steven Pappas. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar. International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 2016, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

R Steven Pappas. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar. International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine. 2016; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R Steven Pappas. 2016. "Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar." International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 3, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2016 in International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine
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Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) supplies information that is complementary to those data traditionally obtained using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for analysis of inorganic tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents. The SEM-EDS approach was used to identify select inorganic constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke “tar.” The nature of SEM-EDS instrumentation makes it an ideal choice for microstructural analyses as it provides information relevant to inorganic constituents that could result from exposure to combusted tobacco products. Our analyses show that aluminum silicates, silica, and calcium compounds were common constituents of cigarette mainstream smoke “tar.”

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mary M. Halstead; Clifford H. Watson. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar. International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 2016, 3, 1 .

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Mary M. Halstead, Clifford H. Watson. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar. International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine. 2016; 3 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mary M. Halstead; Clifford H. Watson. 2016. "Electron Microscopic Analysis of Silicate and Calcium Particles in Cigarette Smoke Tar." International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 3, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2015 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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We previously reported toxic metal concentrations in the mainstream smoke from 50 varieties of commercial cigarettes available in the USA using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). However, efforts to continue producing high quality data on select mainstream cigarette smoke constituents demand continued improvements in instrumentation and methodology and application of the methodology to cigarettes that differ in design or construction. Here we report a new application of ‘triple quad’-ICP-MS instrumentation to analyze seven toxic metals in mainstream cigarette smoke from the Spectrum variable nicotine research cigarettes. The Spectrum cigarettes are available for research purposes in different configurations of low or conventional levels of nicotine, mentholated or nonmentholated, and tar delivery ranges described as ‘low tar’ or ‘high tar’. Detailed characterizations of specific harmful or potentially harmful constituents delivered by these research cigarettes will help inform researchers using these cigarettes in exposure studies, cessation studies and studies related to nicotine addiction or compensation.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Naudia Gray; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. Triple Quad-ICP-MS Measurement of Toxic Metals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke from Spectrum Research Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2015, 40, 1 .

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Naudia Gray, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Mark Fresquez, Clifford H. Watson. Triple Quad-ICP-MS Measurement of Toxic Metals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke from Spectrum Research Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015; 40 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Naudia Gray; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. 2015. "Triple Quad-ICP-MS Measurement of Toxic Metals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke from Spectrum Research Cigarettes." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 40, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2015 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Although quantitative trace toxic metal analyses have been performed on tobacco products, little has been published on inorganic particulate constituents on and inside the products. We analyzed these constituents using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The nature of SEM-EDS instrumentation makes it an ideal choice for inorganic particulate analyses and yields relevant information to potential exposures during consumption of oral tobacco products, and possibly as a consequence of smoking. Aluminum silicates, silica and calcium compounds were common inorganic particulate constituents of tobacco products. Aluminum silicates and silica from soil were found on external leaf surfaces. Phytolithic silica, found in the lumen of the plant leaf, is of biogenic origin. Calcium oxalate was also apparently of biogenic origin. Small mineral deposits on tobacco could have health implications. Minerals found on the surfaces of smokeless tobacco products could possibly abrade the oral mucosa and contribute to the oral inflammatory responses observed with smokeless tobacco product use. If micron and sub-micron size calcium particles on cigarette filler were transported in mainstream smoke, they could potentially induce a pulmonary irritant inflammation when inhaled. The transport of aluminum silicate and silica in smoke could potentially also contribute to chronic inflammatory disease.

ACS Style

Mary M. Halstead; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Surface Inorganic Substances on Oral and Combustible Tobacco Products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2015, 39, 698 -701.

AMA Style

Mary M. Halstead, Clifford H. Watson, R. Steven Pappas. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Surface Inorganic Substances on Oral and Combustible Tobacco Products. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015; 39 (9):698-701.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary M. Halstead; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. 2015. "Electron Microscopic Analysis of Surface Inorganic Substances on Oral and Combustible Tobacco Products." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 9: 698-701.

Journal article
Published: 07 June 2015 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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A method was developed that utilizes a platinum trap for mercury from mainstream tobacco smoke which represents an improvement over traditional approaches that require impingers and long sample preparation procedures. In this approach, the trapped mercury is directly released for analysis by heating the trap in a direct mercury analyzer.

ACS Style

Mark R. Fresquez; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2015, 39, 545 -550.

AMA Style

Mark R. Fresquez, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Naudia Gray, Clifford H. Watson, R. Steven Pappas. High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015; 39 (7):545-550.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark R. Fresquez; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Naudia Gray; Clifford H. Watson; R. Steven Pappas. 2015. "High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 7: 545-550.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2015 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the USA. Much of the focus on harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products has been on cigarettes. Little cigars gained popularity over the last decade until tobacco taxes made cigarettes more expensive in the USA. Many little cigar brands are similar in size with cigarettes and may be smoked in a similar manner. Scant data are available on HPHC concentrations in little cigars, therefore we developed and applied a new analytical method to determine concentrations of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco. The method utilizes 'triple quadrupole' ICP-MS. By optimizing octapole bias, energy discrimination and cell gas flow settings, we were able to accurately quantify a range of elements including those for which the cell gas reactions were endothermic. All standard modes (Single Quad No Gas, MS-MS NH3/He and MS-MS O2) were utilized for the quantitation of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco, including uranium, which was added as an analyte in the new method. Because of the elimination of interfering ions at 'shifted analyte masses', detection limits were lower compared with a previous method. Tobacco selenium concentrations were below the limit of detection in the previous method, but the new technology made it possible to report all selenium concentrations.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Naudia Martone; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark R. Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. Determination of Toxic Metals in Little Cigar Tobacco with 'Triple Quad' ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2015, 39, 347 -52.

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Naudia Martone, Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez, Mark R. Fresquez, Clifford H. Watson. Determination of Toxic Metals in Little Cigar Tobacco with 'Triple Quad' ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015; 39 (5):347-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Naudia Martone; Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez; Mark R. Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. 2015. "Determination of Toxic Metals in Little Cigar Tobacco with 'Triple Quad' ICP-MS." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 5: 347-52.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2014 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Cadmium, a carcinogenic metal, is highly toxic to renal, skeletal, nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. Accurate and precise quantification of mainstream smoke cadmium levels in cigarette smoke is important because of exposure concerns.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mark R. Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. Cigarette Smoke Cadmium Breakthrough From Traditional Filters: Implications for Exposure. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2014, 39, 45 -51.

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Mark R. Fresquez, Clifford H. Watson. Cigarette Smoke Cadmium Breakthrough From Traditional Filters: Implications for Exposure. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2014; 39 (1):45-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mark R. Fresquez; Clifford H. Watson. 2014. "Cigarette Smoke Cadmium Breakthrough From Traditional Filters: Implications for Exposure." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39, no. 1: 45-51.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2014 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Public health officials and leaders of 168 nations have signaled their concern regarding the health and economic impacts of smoking by becoming signatory parties to the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). One of FCTC’s purposes is to help achieve meaningful regulation for tobacco products in order to decrease the exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) delivered to users and those who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Determining baseline delivery ranges for HPHCs in modern commercial tobacco products is crucial information regulators could use to make informed decisions.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mark R. Fresquez; Naudia Martone; Clifford H. Watson. Toxic Metal Concentrations in Mainstream Smoke from Cigarettes Available in the USA. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2014, 38, 204 -211.

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas, Mark R. Fresquez, Naudia Martone, Clifford H. Watson. Toxic Metal Concentrations in Mainstream Smoke from Cigarettes Available in the USA. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2014; 38 (4):204-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas; Mark R. Fresquez; Naudia Martone; Clifford H. Watson. 2014. "Toxic Metal Concentrations in Mainstream Smoke from Cigarettes Available in the USA." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 38, no. 4: 204-211.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2013 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. There are numerous harmful substances in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Among the more than 4,000 identified compounds in smoke, many metals contribute to the health risks associated with tobacco use. Specific metals found in tobacco and tobacco smoke have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Exposure to toxic metals can cause outcomes including inflammation, sensitization and carcinogenesis. Metals in tobacco are transported in tobacco smoke proportionally with their concentrations in tobacco filler for a given cigarette design. To quantitatively examine the metal content in numerous tobacco products, high throughput methods are desired. This study developed a simple, rapid tobacco digestion method coupled with a sensitive analytical method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Because of known memory effects and volatility of mercury, quantitative determinations of mercury were made with a direct combustion analyzer. The methods were utilized to examine arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury and nickel contents in cigarette tobacco and to establish a reference range for the metals in 50 varieties of cigarettes available in the US. These results are comparable to the limited data sets reported by others and with available standard reference material values.

ACS Style

Mark R. Fresquez; R. Steven Pappas; Clifford H. Watson. Establishment of Toxic Metal Reference Range in Tobacco from US Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2013, 37, 298 -304.

AMA Style

Mark R. Fresquez, R. Steven Pappas, Clifford H. Watson. Establishment of Toxic Metal Reference Range in Tobacco from US Cigarettes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2013; 37 (5):298-304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mark R. Fresquez; R. Steven Pappas; Clifford H. Watson. 2013. "Establishment of Toxic Metal Reference Range in Tobacco from US Cigarettes." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 37, no. 5: 298-304.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2012 in Spectroscopy (Springfield, Or.)
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This tutorial was adapted from the first half of a course presented at the 7th International Conference on Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in 2008 and the 2012 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry on sample preparation for liquid introduction systems. Liquid introduction in general and flow injection specifically are the most widely used sample introduction methods for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Nevertheless, problems persist in determination of analytes that are commonly investigated, as well as in specialty applications for those seldom considered by most analysts. Understanding the chemistry that is common to different groups of analytes permits the development of successful approaches to rinse-out and elimination of memory effects. This understanding also equips the analyst for development of successful elemental analytical approaches in the face of a broad spectrum of matrices and other analytical challenges, whether the sample is solid or liquid.

ACS Style

R. Steven Pappas. Sample Preparation Problem Solving for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Introduction Systems I. Solubility, Chelation, and Memory Effects. Spectroscopy (Springfield, Or.) 2012, 27, 20 -31.

AMA Style

R. Steven Pappas. Sample Preparation Problem Solving for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Introduction Systems I. Solubility, Chelation, and Memory Effects. Spectroscopy (Springfield, Or.). 2012; 27 (5):20-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steven Pappas. 2012. "Sample Preparation Problem Solving for Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid Introduction Systems I. Solubility, Chelation, and Memory Effects." Spectroscopy (Springfield, Or.) 27, no. 5: 20-31.

Critical review
Published: 28 July 2011 in Metallomics
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Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.

ACS Style

R. Steve Pappas. Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization. Metallomics 2011, 3, 1181 -1198.

AMA Style

R. Steve Pappas. Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization. Metallomics. 2011; 3 (11):1181-1198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Steve Pappas. 2011. "Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization." Metallomics 3, no. 11: 1181-1198.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2008 in Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy
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A simple, high-throughput method for determining total cadmium, mercury, and lead in blood in cases of suspected exposure, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), has been developed and validated. One part matrix-matched standards, blanks, or aliquots of blood specimens were diluted with 49 parts of a solution containing 0.25% (w/w) tetramethylammonium hydroxide; 0.05% v/v Triton X-100 (blood cell membranes and protein solubilization); 0.01% (w/v) ammonium pyrolidinedithiocarbamate (mercury memory effect prevention and oxidation state stabilization, solubilization by complexation of all three metals); 1% v/v isopropanol (signal enhancement); and 10 μg/L iridium (internal standard). Thus the final dilution factor is 1 + 49. The method provides the basis for the determination of total cadmium, mercury, and lead for assessment of environmental, occupational, accidental ingestion or elevated exposures from other means. Approximately 80 specimens, including blanks, calibration standards, and quality control materials can be processed in an 8-h day. The method has been evaluated by examining reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as well as by participation in six rounds of proficiency testing intercomparisons led by the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health. This method was developed for the purpose of increasing U.S. emergency response laboratory capacity. To this end, 33 U.S. state, and 1 district health department laboratories have validated this method in their own laboratories.

ACS Style

William J. McShane; R. Steven Pappas; Veronica Wilson-McElprang; Dan Paschal. A rugged and transferable method for determining blood cadmium, mercury, and lead with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 2008, 63, 638 -644.

AMA Style

William J. McShane, R. Steven Pappas, Veronica Wilson-McElprang, Dan Paschal. A rugged and transferable method for determining blood cadmium, mercury, and lead with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 2008; 63 (6):638-644.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William J. McShane; R. Steven Pappas; Veronica Wilson-McElprang; Dan Paschal. 2008. "A rugged and transferable method for determining blood cadmium, mercury, and lead with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 63, no. 6: 638-644.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2008 in Journal of Analytical Toxicology
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The extent to which smokeless tobacco endangers human health is an ongoing subject of debate. Studies have shown that smokeless tobacco products contain high levels of biologically available nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Toxic metals in smokeless tobacco products have been less extensively studied. In this study, concentrations of arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, and nickel were measured in snuff products and iqmik tobacco, a product popular among some Alaska Natives. The average arsenic, cadmium, lead, and nickel concentrations in 17 commercially available brands were 0.23 +/- 0.06 microg/g, 1.40 +/- 0.31 microg/g, 0.45 +/- 0.13 microg/g and 2.28 +/- 0.36 microg/g, respectively. In 17 iqmik tobacco samples, the average arsenic, cadmium, lead, and nickel concentrations were 0.19 +/- 0.06 microg/g, 1.41 +/- 0.56 microg/g, 0.55 +/- 0.19 microg/g, and 2.32 +/- 1.63 microg/g, respectively. Using artificial saliva, the extractable levels of beryllium and lead were relatively low and consistent, whereas barium extracted from tobacco samples ranged from 2 to 21%. The group 1 and 2B carcinogens cadmium, cobalt, and nickel were more efficiently extracted by artificial saliva (30-65% of the cobalt, 20-46% of the nickel, and 21-47% of the cadmium).

ACS Style

R. S. Pappas; S. B. Stanfill; C. H. Watson; D. L. Ashley. Analysis of toxic metals in commercial moist snuff and Alaskan iqmik. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2008, 32, 281 -291.

AMA Style

R. S. Pappas, S. B. Stanfill, C. H. Watson, D. L. Ashley. Analysis of toxic metals in commercial moist snuff and Alaskan iqmik. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2008; 32 (4):281-291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. S. Pappas; S. B. Stanfill; C. H. Watson; D. L. Ashley. 2008. "Analysis of toxic metals in commercial moist snuff and Alaskan iqmik." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 32, no. 4: 281-291.