Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive stage, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are becoming one of the most common chronic liver diseases globally. Lifestyle interventions such as weight reduction, increased physical activity, and maintaining healthy diets play a pivotal role in managing NAFLD/NASH. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome is associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH, prompting microbiome-targeted therapy to emerge as a new therapeutic option for NAFLD/NASH. We conducted a systematic review based on the PRISMA statement and employed network meta-analysis to investigate the effects of traditional probiotics and next-generation probiotics (NGPs) on NAFLD/NASH. Comparative analysis reveals that traditional probiotics primarily reduce liver fat deposition and inflammation by improving gut microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and modulating immune responses. In contrast, NGPs demonstrate a more significant therapeutic potential, attributed to their direct effects on inhibiting oxidative stress and their ability to enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), NGPs appear as a new potential strategy for the management of NAFLD/NASH through their dual action of directly inhibiting oxidative stress and enhancing SCFA production, highlighting the importance of understanding and utilizing the direct and indirect regulatory mechanisms of oxidative stress in the management of NAFLD/NASH.

To investigate the factors associated with sarcopenia in elderly individuals residing in nursing homes and community settings, we conducted a systematic search of databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane, up to May 2023. We incorporated a total of 70 studies into our analysis. Our findings revealed that the prevalence of sarcopenia in nursing homes ranged from 25% to 73.7%, while in community settings, it varied from 5.2% to 62.7%. The factors associated with sarcopenia in both nursing homes and community settings included male gender, BMI, malnutrition, and osteoarthritis. In community settings, these factors comprised age, poor nutrition status, small calf circumference, smoking, physical inactivity, cognitive impairment, diabetes, depression and heart disease. Currently, both the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) standards are widely utilized in nursing homes and community settings, with the EWGSOP standard being more applicable to nursing homes. Identifying factors associated with sarcopenia is of paramount significance, particularly considering that some of them can be modified and managed. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of preventive measures on these factors in the management of sarcopenia among elderly individuals residing in nursing homes and community settings.

Background: Frailty is a globally recognized issue. However, there is a lack of evidence exploring factors associated with frailty among older residents in community and nursing-home settings. Methods: To explore the prevalence and factors associated with frailty among older adults in community and nursing-home settings, we conducted a systematic search following the PRISMA guidelines across Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases up until January 2024, selecting 38 studies which encompassed 150,642 participants. Results: Our findings showed higher frailty prevalence in nursing homes compared to communities. Frailty was significantly associated with sociodemographic (living alone, poor self-reported health), physiological (poor sleep, low activity of daily living), behavioral (physical inactivity) and disease (chronic conditions, depression) factors in both community and nursing-home settings. Conclusions: There are numerous factors associated with frailty in older adults in nursing-home and community settings. These factors underscore the significance of promptly identifying high-risk individuals and devising appropriate interventions to mitigate frailty among them.

Background: Frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment are prevalent geriatric syndromes that adversely affect health outcomes in older adults, underscoring the need for an effective screen tool to enable early detection and timely intervention. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional validation design and translated, culturally adapted, and validated the Chinese version of the Rapid Geriatric Assessment (C-RGA) among 416 nursing home residents. The C-RGA consists of four subscales: the simple frail questionnaire screening tool (FRAIL), SARC-F for sarcopenia (SARC-F), the Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), and the Rapid Cognitive Screen (RCS). Results: The C-RGA demonstrated high content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.982) and strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.839). Factor analysis confirmed its four-domain structure, accounting for 61.497% of the variance. Model fit indices demonstrated good construct validity (χ²/df = 1.122, RMSEA = 0.024, GFI, AGFI, and CFI > 0.90), supporting the robustness of the assessment tool. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong association between FRAIL and SARC-F with SNAQ (r = −0.671, 95% CI: [−0.742, −0.600], p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation with RCS (r = −0.426, 95% CI: [−0.513, −0.339], p < 0.01), underscoring the interplay among nutritional deficits, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The C-RGA demonstrates strong psychometric properties, supporting its potential use as a screening tool for the early detection of frailty, sarcopenia, nutritional risk, and cognitive impairment among nursing home residents, enabling timely and targeted interventions. Future research should further assess its applicability across diverse healthcare settings to enhance its generalizability and clinical utility.