Environmental nanoparticles are known to be present in various aquatic environments, exerting significant influences on water quality, particularly in water distribution systems. However, there has been a notable dearth of research on the presence and impact of environmental nanoparticles in mineral water, a unique water resource. In this study, we employed Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and conducted High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to address this research gap. This groundbreaking study represents the first comprehensive exploration of environmental nanoparticles within natural mineral water from Zibo City, Shandong Province, China. The results of the NTA showed that the concentration of the particles was 5.5 × 10⁵ particles/mL and the peak diameter of the size distribution was 180 nm. The HRTEM showed that the nanoparticles were granular, pinniform, rodlike, and flakey in shape, and some of the nanoparticles existed in aggregation. The energy-dispersive spectrometry results showed that most of the nanoparticles contained O, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Ti, and P, and some of them also contained F, V, S, and Mn. When combined with the characteristics of the selected area electron diffraction pattern, the nanoparticles were confirmed to be Ca-bearing nanoparticles, attapulgite nanorods, MnO₂ nanosheets, and TiO₂ nanoparticles. These findings shed light on a novel manifestation of elemental compositions in mineral water. Furthermore, considering the chemical and physical attributes of both the nanoparticles and mineral water, it is highly plausible that these environmental nanoparticles result from the weathering of minerals. The presence of these nanoparticles within mineral water offers a unique opportunity to advance our comprehension of nanoparticle behavior across diverse systems. Significantly, the realm of environmental nanoparticle science holds paramount importance for ongoing endeavors in ensuring water safety, enhancing treatment processes, and facilitating effective remediation procedures.

Environmental nanoparticles have been shown to exist in most aquatic environments, and environmental nanoparticles in water distribution systems significantly affect water quality. However, little research has been conducted on the environmental nanoparticles in mineral water, which is a special water resource. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were conducted. This study was the first to identify many environmental nanoparticles in natural mineral water in Zibo City, Shandong Province, China. The results of the NTA showed that the concentration of the particles was 5.5 ×106 particles/mL and the peak diameter of the size distribution was 180 nm. The HRTEM showed that the nanoparticles were granular, pinniform, rodlike, and flakey in shape, and some of the nanoparticles existed in aggregation. The energy-dispersive spectrometry results showed that most of the nanoparticles contained O, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Ti, and P, and some of them also contained F, V, S, and Mn. When combined with the characteristics of the selected area electron diffraction pattern, the nanoparticles were confirmed to be Ca-bearing nanoparticles, attapulgite nanorods, MnO2 nanosheets, and TiO2 nanoparticles. These results indicate a new form of elements occurring in mineral water. In addition, based on the chemical and physical characteristics of the nanoparticles and mineral water, these environmental nanoparticles in the mineral water are likely to be the weathering byproducts of minerals. These nanoparticles within mineral water provide a good opportunity for understanding the behavior of nanoparticles in varied systems. Moreover, environmental nanoparticle science is important for continuing efforts in water safety, treatment, and remediation.