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Bernard A. Engel
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907 IN, USA

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Journal article
Published: 04 August 2021 in Journal of Hydrology
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In spite of many well-known benefits of green roofs, their widespread adoption as source control measures in urban stormwater management requires the use of adequate modelling tools. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple water balance model for green roof runoff simulation based on conceptual hydrological processes and integrated into green roof designs. The model was calibrated and validated with a pilot experimental dataset that included various green roof configurations. The validated model was applied to simulate the hydrological responses of green roofs under different substrate designs and rainfall characteristics. Results showed that the model Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency (NSE) values under calibration and validation period ranged from 0.933 to 0.982, and the volume errors of relative percentage difference (RPD) varied from −1.45% to 5.35%, which indicated the simulated runoff processes of green roofs were satisfactorily accurate. The sensitivity analysis of parameters (e.g., increased parameters by 50%) showed the most sensitive parameter for simulating green roof runoff was the initial substrate water content, which changed by −74.5% for runoff volume and 58.5% for time to runoff. For a 50% increase in the saturated substrate hydraulic conductivity, it increased runoff volume by 60.2%; as well as the substrate depth increased runoff volume by 56.5% and changed time to runoff by −46.3%. The simulated hydrograph indicated that decreasing the saturated substrate hydraulic conductivity distinctly delayed time to runoff and increased runoff retention. Similarly, the runoff rate declined and runoff generation time was delayed with an increase in the substrate depths. Runoff retention percentages of the green roofs declined as rainfall depths increased. With rainfall intensity decreasing, mean time to runoff of the green roofs significantly increased from 30.0 min to 113.3 min. Runoff detention effects of green roofs were distinctly enhanced with the peak rainfall intensity delayed. This study provided a simple modelling tool for simulating hydrological responses of green roofs under a wide set of substrate characteristics and rainfall conditions in order to guide green roof design.

ACS Style

Wen Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Qi Feng. Modelling the hydrological responses of green roofs under different substrate designs and rainfall characteristics using a simple water balance model. Journal of Hydrology 2021, 602, 126786 .

AMA Style

Wen Liu, Bernard A. Engel, Qi Feng. Modelling the hydrological responses of green roofs under different substrate designs and rainfall characteristics using a simple water balance model. Journal of Hydrology. 2021; 602 ():126786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Qi Feng. 2021. "Modelling the hydrological responses of green roofs under different substrate designs and rainfall characteristics using a simple water balance model." Journal of Hydrology 602, no. : 126786.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Water
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Storm events and soil erosion can adversely impact flood control, soil conservation, water quality, the recreation economy, and ecosystem biodiversity in urban systems. Urban Low Impact Development practices (LIDs) can manage stormwater runoff, control soil losses, and improve water quality. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model has been widely applied to assess the responses of hydrology and soil losses to conservation practices in agricultural and forested areas. This research study is the first to calibrate the WEPP model to simulate streamflow discharge in the Brentwood watershed in Austin, Texas and apply the calibrated WEPP model to assess the impacts of LIDs. The costs and impacts of various LID scenarios on annual water balance, and monthly average, and daily runoff volumes, and sediment losses at hillslopes and at the watershed outlet were quantified and compared. The LID scenarios identified that native planting in Critically Eroding Areas (CEAs), native planting in all suitable areas, native planting in CEAs with detention ponds, and native planting in all suitable areas with detention ponds could reduce the predicted average annual stormwater runoff by 20–24% and sediment losses by 86–94% at the watershed outlet, and reduce the average annual soil loss rates on hillslope profiles in sub-watersheds by 86–87% with the lowest costs (USD 2991/yr–USD 5257/yr). Watershed/field characteristics, locations, areas, costs, and the effectiveness of the LID practices were essential in choosing the LID scenarios. These research results can help guide decision-making on the selection and implementation of the most economical and suitable LID practices to strengthen the climate resilience and environmental sustainability of urban systems.

ACS Style

Tian Guo; Anurag Srivastava; Dennis Flanagan; Yaoze Liu; Bernard Engel; Madeline McIntosh. Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model. Water 2021, 13, 2076 .

AMA Style

Tian Guo, Anurag Srivastava, Dennis Flanagan, Yaoze Liu, Bernard Engel, Madeline McIntosh. Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model. Water. 2021; 13 (15):2076.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tian Guo; Anurag Srivastava; Dennis Flanagan; Yaoze Liu; Bernard Engel; Madeline McIntosh. 2021. "Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model." Water 13, no. 15: 2076.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in International Soil and Water Conservation Research
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Maps of erosivity, which are also commonly referred to as isoerodent maps, have played a critical role in soil conservation efforts in the United States and around the world. Currently available erosivity maps in the United States are either outdated, conflict with erosivity benchmarking studies, or utilized less advanced spatial mapping methods. Furthermore, it is possible that the same underlying issues with US maps are impacting global maps as well. In this study, we used more than 3400 15-min, fixed-interval precipitation gauges to update the isoerodent map of the conterminous United States. Erosivity values were interpolated using universal kriging under several spatial model configurations and resolutions. The optimal spatial model was selected based on which result had the lowest sample variogram error. Rainfall, erosivity, and erosivity density maps were compared to existing products. Some average annual and annual erosivity results were compared to high-quality erosivity benchmarking publications. Erosivity values from both RUSLE2 and Panagos et al. (2017) were generally lower in the eastern United States and mixed in the western United States compared to our results. Topographic effects resulted in much greater erosivity differences in this study as compared to prior maps. Benchmark comparisons revealed that erosivity maps from this study and others were lower than the benchmark by 14% or more (up to 38%). These findings suggest current practices of storm omission and intensity dampening correction need to be revisited, especially in locations with relatively low-to-moderate rainfall erosivity such as the Midwest or Northeast United States, for example.

ACS Style

Ryan P. McGehee; Dennis C. Flanagan; Puneet Srivastava; Bernard A. Engel; Chi-Hua Huang; Mark A. Nearing. An updated isoerodent map of the conterminous United States. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ryan P. McGehee, Dennis C. Flanagan, Puneet Srivastava, Bernard A. Engel, Chi-Hua Huang, Mark A. Nearing. An updated isoerodent map of the conterminous United States. International Soil and Water Conservation Research. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryan P. McGehee; Dennis C. Flanagan; Puneet Srivastava; Bernard A. Engel; Chi-Hua Huang; Mark A. Nearing. 2021. "An updated isoerodent map of the conterminous United States." International Soil and Water Conservation Research , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2021 in IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society
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Digital agriculture, with the incorporation of Internet-of-Things (IoT)-devices, presents the ability to control a system at multiple levels and generate tools for improved decision making. Recent advances in IoT hardware and software make it possible to collect data and efficiently process data from diverse sources in a connected farm. By interconnecting these IoT devices, often across large swaths of farmland, it is possible to collect data from multiple farming systems, and at different time scales, including in near real-time. This data can then be used for actionable insights. Through Lattice, we present an integrated vision for IoT solutions, data processing, and actionable analytics, with economics and policy considerations for digital agriculture. Our paper starts off with the types of datasets in typical field operations, followed by the data lifecycle and storage and fast information-retrieval solutions. It then goes on to describe the most promising aspects of machine learning and cloud computing for digital agriculture. IoT devices form a rich source for data collection and subsequent analysis. We discuss what algorithms are proving to be most impactful in this space. We conclude by discussing analytics for alternative agriculture and policy challenges in the implementation of digital agriculture in the wild.

ACS Style

Somali Chaterji; Nathan DeLay; John Evans; Nathan Mosier; Bernard Engel; Dennis Buckmaster; Michael R. Ladisch; Ranveer Chandra. Lattice: A Vision for Machine Learning, Data Engineering, and Policy Considerations for Digital Agriculture at Scale. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society 2021, 2, 227 -240.

AMA Style

Somali Chaterji, Nathan DeLay, John Evans, Nathan Mosier, Bernard Engel, Dennis Buckmaster, Michael R. Ladisch, Ranveer Chandra. Lattice: A Vision for Machine Learning, Data Engineering, and Policy Considerations for Digital Agriculture at Scale. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society. 2021; 2 (99):227-240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Somali Chaterji; Nathan DeLay; John Evans; Nathan Mosier; Bernard Engel; Dennis Buckmaster; Michael R. Ladisch; Ranveer Chandra. 2021. "Lattice: A Vision for Machine Learning, Data Engineering, and Policy Considerations for Digital Agriculture at Scale." IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society 2, no. 99: 227-240.

Original paper
Published: 03 May 2021 in Arabian Journal of Geosciences
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In recent decades, Algeria has experienced rapid and irregular demographic growth, and this irregular change has inevitably led to periodic floods threatening human life. Urbanization, an anthropogenic cause, is rapidly evolving and has been considered as a non-negligible part in altering land use and land cover (LULC), despite the fact that precipitation characteristics are related to the climate of the region and may change over time. It is therefore essential to assess the changes in runoff as a result of LULC changes. Awareness of the relationship of rainfall and runoff is necessary for urban drainage network modeling and design. The implementation of Low-Impact Development (LID) is a popular strategy to minimize stormwater runoff and pollutant loads. In developed countries, software to estimate impacts of certain LID controls has expanded in recent years; however, readily available modeling approaches are still in high demand in developing countries, such as Algeria. In this article, we seek methods that can decrease runoff peaks and volume for the Guelma watershed located in northeast Algeria by integrating the Personal Computer Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) and a geographic information system (GIS). PCSWMM calibration is conducted by using the sensitivity-based radio tuning calibration tool. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) (0.70–0.88), coefficient of determination (R2) (0.76–0.96), and relative error (RE) (0.018–0.23) indicated good model performance in this urban watershed. The implementation of five LID practices, including permeable pavements, bioretentions, rain gardens, infiltration trenches, and rainwater harvesting systems, in scenarios explored could reduce peak runoff by 54.7% and reduce total runoff volume by 75.2%. The current research will assist decision-makers in improving and choosing the most appropriate LID designs that are effective in view of future climate changes and changes in LULC. This study can contribute to further applications of rainfall–runoff models in Algeria.

ACS Style

Brahim Abdelkebir; Ammar Maoui; Elhadj Mokhtari; Bernard Engel; Jingqiu Chen; Mohamed Aboelnour. Evaluating Low-Impact Development practice performance to reduce runoff volume in an urban watershed in Algeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2021, 14, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Brahim Abdelkebir, Ammar Maoui, Elhadj Mokhtari, Bernard Engel, Jingqiu Chen, Mohamed Aboelnour. Evaluating Low-Impact Development practice performance to reduce runoff volume in an urban watershed in Algeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2021; 14 (9):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brahim Abdelkebir; Ammar Maoui; Elhadj Mokhtari; Bernard Engel; Jingqiu Chen; Mohamed Aboelnour. 2021. "Evaluating Low-Impact Development practice performance to reduce runoff volume in an urban watershed in Algeria." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14, no. 9: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
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Texas, USA Texas is a large state in the US that experiences a diversity of climate conditions and water demands. In this study, 130 stream gauging sites and their associated watershed physical and geological properties were used to develop multiple regression models to predict the Baseflow Index (BFI) across Texas. Calculated BFI was derived from daily streamflow data from 1980 to 2017 using the two-parameter recursive digital filtering approach of the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT). Three scenarios were developed and validated. The first two scenarios related BFI to topography, climate, and land use. The third scenario used surface geology, soil type and hydrogeology parameters. The models developed showed high performance, low bias, and low relative errors to predict BFI, with R2 values varying from 0.72 to 0.99, and strong agreement with filtered BFI values. The results further showed that there was no specific pattern for BFI variation across Texas ranging from 0.29 to 0.51. Outputs indicated that models developed for scenarios 1 and 3 had higher prediction performance. Additionally, evapotranspiration (ET) contributed to lower model accuracy, since the ET was not categorized as proportional to the percentages of cultivated areas within each basin, but was generalized to represent the whole catchment. The developed models that are reported here can support further research in groundwater modeling and baseflow prediction for ungauged sites that have similar characteristics.

ACS Style

Mohamed A. Aboelnour; Bernard A. Engel; Marty D. Frisbee; Margaret W. Gitau; Dennis C. Flanagan. Impacts of Watershed Physical Properties and Land Use on Baseflow at Regional Scales. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2021, 35, 100810 .

AMA Style

Mohamed A. Aboelnour, Bernard A. Engel, Marty D. Frisbee, Margaret W. Gitau, Dennis C. Flanagan. Impacts of Watershed Physical Properties and Land Use on Baseflow at Regional Scales. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2021; 35 ():100810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed A. Aboelnour; Bernard A. Engel; Marty D. Frisbee; Margaret W. Gitau; Dennis C. Flanagan. 2021. "Impacts of Watershed Physical Properties and Land Use on Baseflow at Regional Scales." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 35, no. : 100810.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2021 in Agricultural Water Management
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Scenario analysis is the basis of developing rational water management practices (WMPs) for watersheds. How to predict future hydrological responses on a regional-scale is still a challenge for modeling work in irrigated watersheds with shallow groundwater environments. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient realization of predicting regional agroecosystem responses and searching for appropriate WMPs, through using a water balance-based, semi-distributed hydrological model (SWAT-AG). The scenario case study is carried out in the Jiyuan Irrigation System located in the Hetao of upper Yellow River basin, based on the calibrated and validated modeling work in our previous companion paper. Eight scenarios of water-saving practices (WSPs) are proposed, with consideration for reducing irrigation depth and controlling initial groundwater depth. Then the coupled responses of agroecosystem processes to various WSPs are predicted for the case study region in 2012 and 2013, mainly related to the groundwater depth, root zone soil water and salinity, and crop yield/natural vegetation biomass. Based on the analysis for proposed scenarios, the 100% of present irrigation depth combined with increasing initial GWD by 50 cm are recommended as appropriate WSPs for dry years, and the 80% of present irrigation depth combined with increasing initial GWD by 100 cm are recommended for wet years, in order to maintain good environmental conditions for both crops and natural vegetation. In addition, results show that SWAT-AG could overcome the scale/function limitations of traditional soil/crop models and also avoid computational issues of numerical models. We further point out that the scenarios in reality will be more complicated and comprehensive in time and space, and thus the predictions should be updated accordingly. Overall, this case study fully presents the feasibility and practicality of using the SWAT-AG model to realize the scenario response analysis and water management decision-making on a region scale for irrigated watersheds with shallow groundwater environments.

ACS Style

Lvyang Xiong; Xu Xu; Bernard Engel; YunWu Xiong; Quanzhong Huang; Guanhua Huang. Predicting agroecosystem responses to identify appropriate water-saving management in arid irrigated regions with shallow groundwater: Realization on a regional scale. Agricultural Water Management 2021, 247, 106713 .

AMA Style

Lvyang Xiong, Xu Xu, Bernard Engel, YunWu Xiong, Quanzhong Huang, Guanhua Huang. Predicting agroecosystem responses to identify appropriate water-saving management in arid irrigated regions with shallow groundwater: Realization on a regional scale. Agricultural Water Management. 2021; 247 ():106713.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lvyang Xiong; Xu Xu; Bernard Engel; YunWu Xiong; Quanzhong Huang; Guanhua Huang. 2021. "Predicting agroecosystem responses to identify appropriate water-saving management in arid irrigated regions with shallow groundwater: Realization on a regional scale." Agricultural Water Management 247, no. : 106713.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Water
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Studies on the assessment of green infrastructure (GI) practice implementation effect and cost efficiency on an urban watershed scale helps the GI practice selection and investment decisions for sponge city construction in China. However, few studies have been conducted for these topics at present. In this study, the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment—Low Impact Development (L-THIA-LID) 2.1 model was applied to assess the effectiveness and cost efficiency of GI practices on surface runoff volume reduction in an urban watershed—the Hexi watershed, Nanjing City, China. Grassed swales, bioretentions, green roofs, rain cisterns, permeable pavements, wet ponds, dry ponds, and wetlands were chosen as potential GI practices for sponge city construction based on feasibility analysis. Results showed that grassed swales were the most cost-effective practice (0.7 CNY/m3/yr), but the total implementation effect of grassed swales was not obvious due to the small area of suitable locations. Permeable pavements performed best on runoff reduction, but the cost efficiency was much lower. Correspondingly, bioretentions were compromise practices. Green roofs were the least cost-effective practices, with the cost efficiency at 122.3 CNY/m3/yr, but it was much lower for rain cisterns, which were 3.2 CNY/m3/yr. Wet ponds, dry ponds, and wetlands were potential practices implemented in development areas, of which dry ponds were the most cost-effective (2.7 CNY/m3/yr), followed by wet ponds (10.9 CNY/m3/yr). The annual runoff volume of the total area could be reduced by up to 47.01% by implementing GI practices in buildup areas. Rain cisterns (RC) and permeable pavements (PP) were the best combination for this area, and bioretentions (BR) and green roofs (GR) followed. Grassed swales (GS1), dry ponds (DP), wet ponds (WP), and wetlands (WL) were not wise choices due to the small suitable location areas. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of the L-THIA-LID 2.1 model for the evaluation of GI practice implementation effects and cost efficiency on urban runoff in sponge city construction in China.

ACS Style

Fazhi Li; Jingqiu Chen; Bernard A. Engel; Yaoze Liu; Shizhong Wang; Hua Sun. Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency of Green Infrastructure Practices on Surface Runoff Reduction at an Urban Watershed in China. Water 2020, 13, 24 .

AMA Style

Fazhi Li, Jingqiu Chen, Bernard A. Engel, Yaoze Liu, Shizhong Wang, Hua Sun. Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency of Green Infrastructure Practices on Surface Runoff Reduction at an Urban Watershed in China. Water. 2020; 13 (1):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fazhi Li; Jingqiu Chen; Bernard A. Engel; Yaoze Liu; Shizhong Wang; Hua Sun. 2020. "Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost Efficiency of Green Infrastructure Practices on Surface Runoff Reduction at an Urban Watershed in China." Water 13, no. 1: 24.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Journal of Hydrology
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Runoff water quality of green roofs often comes under debate, and the mechanism of runoff pollution retention is still unclear. How to quantify the influencing contributions of structural factors to runoff pollution of green roofs and optimize the assembled combinations for improving water quality are ambiguous. In this study, runoff plots of extensive green roofs with Taguchi designed structural factors and levels were constructed and simulated rainfall experiments were conducted. Influences of structural factors on outflow water quality of green roofs were statistically assessed and quantified. Runoff water quality of green roofs with assembled combinations at specific levels were optimized and predicted by using the Taguchi method. Results showed that except for the pH and NO3– concentrations, the extensive green roofs acted as a source of the tested pollutants in stormwater runoff. Contributions of substrate materials on pH, EC, ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage), F−, NO3– and NO2-N concentrations were the highest among the structural factors, and contribution percentages ranged from 33.38% to 64.47%. The vegetation types had important contributions on Cl−, SO42− and TP concentrations, and the contribution percentage was 74.72%, 71.23% and 45.16% respectively. Influences of substrate depths and slope gradients on outflow water quality were small. Most of the determination coefficients (R2) of regression analysis between the measured and predicted water quality parameters under Taguchi design were ranged from 0.843 to 0.997. Except the pH and NO3– parameters, the Taguchi predicted water quality under the optimum conditions were improved by 10.2–77.6%. These results will aid understanding of the retention mechanism of green roofs on runoff pollutants and improving runoff water quality through the optimization of green roof design.

ACS Style

Wen Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Weiping Chen; Wei Wei; Yu Wang; Qi Feng. Quantifying the contributions of structural factors on runoff water quality from green roofs and optimizing assembled combinations using Taguchi method. Journal of Hydrology 2020, 593, 125864 .

AMA Style

Wen Liu, Bernard A. Engel, Weiping Chen, Wei Wei, Yu Wang, Qi Feng. Quantifying the contributions of structural factors on runoff water quality from green roofs and optimizing assembled combinations using Taguchi method. Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 593 ():125864.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Weiping Chen; Wei Wei; Yu Wang; Qi Feng. 2020. "Quantifying the contributions of structural factors on runoff water quality from green roofs and optimizing assembled combinations using Taguchi method." Journal of Hydrology 593, no. : 125864.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the largest data gaps in water management due to the limited availability of measured evapotranspiration data, and because ET spatial variability is difficult to characterize at various scales. Satellite-based ET estimation has been shown to have great potential for water resource planning and for estimating agricultural water use at field, watershed, and regional scales. Satellites with low spatial resolution, such as NASA’s MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), and those with higher spatial resolution, such as Landsat (Land Satellite), can potentially be used for irrigation water management purposes and other agricultural applications. The objective of this study is to assess satellite based-ET estimation accuracy using measured ET from large weighing lysimeters. Daily, seven-day running average, monthly, and seasonal satellite-based ET data were compared with corresponding lysimeter ET data. This study was performed at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) in Bushland, Texas, USA. The daily time series Landsat ET estimates were characterized as poor for irrigated fields, with a Nash Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) of 0.37, and good for monthly ET, with an NSE of 0.57. For the dryland managed fields, the daily and monthly ET estimates were unacceptable with an NSE of −1.38 and −0.19, respectively. There are various reasons for these results, including uncertainties with remotely sensed data due to errors in aerodynamic resistance surface roughness length estimation, surface temperature deviations between irrigated and dryland conditions, poor leaf area estimation in the METRIC model under dryland conditions, extended gap periods between satellite data, and using the linear interpolation method to extrapolate daily ET values between two consecutive scenes (images).

ACS Style

Ahmed A. Hashem; Bernard A. Engel; Vincent F. Bralts; Gary W. Marek; Jerry E. Moorhead; Sherif A. Radwan; Prasanna H. Gowda. Assessment of Landsat-Based Evapotranspiration Using Weighing Lysimeters in the Texas High Plains. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1688 .

AMA Style

Ahmed A. Hashem, Bernard A. Engel, Vincent F. Bralts, Gary W. Marek, Jerry E. Moorhead, Sherif A. Radwan, Prasanna H. Gowda. Assessment of Landsat-Based Evapotranspiration Using Weighing Lysimeters in the Texas High Plains. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed A. Hashem; Bernard A. Engel; Vincent F. Bralts; Gary W. Marek; Jerry E. Moorhead; Sherif A. Radwan; Prasanna H. Gowda. 2020. "Assessment of Landsat-Based Evapotranspiration Using Weighing Lysimeters in the Texas High Plains." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1688.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2020 in The Electricity Journal
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While electrification has been proposed as a key mechanism for combating global warming, fossil fuels are still the mainstay of the electricity sector in the US. Power generation technologies were evaluated in two regions: California (CAISO) and the Mid-Atlantic (PJM). Technologies are ordered via multiobjective optimization using genetic algorithms to resolve a bounded knapsack problem. Price factors for each technology are established. A net present value is assessed for representative projects in each region and technology, including capacity payments and renewable energy credits in PJM. Local sensitivity analysis is performed. Renewables were selected most frequently in the cost optimization with no constraints on variable renewable energy. However, when solar photovoltaic and onshore wind generation are constrained to 30–70 % of the total capacity addition, natural gas is the most selected technology. Profitability was highest for natural gas based plants in PJM except where solar renewable energy credits are available. Selectivity of incentives to natural gas plants from PJM capacity payments are intensified by the recent order to extend the minimum offer price rule. This calls into question the suitability of carbon pricing in the region.

ACS Style

Elizabeth Wachs; Bernard Engel. Reliability versus renewables: Modeling costs and revenue in CAISO and PJM. The Electricity Journal 2020, 33, 106860 .

AMA Style

Elizabeth Wachs, Bernard Engel. Reliability versus renewables: Modeling costs and revenue in CAISO and PJM. The Electricity Journal. 2020; 33 (10):106860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elizabeth Wachs; Bernard Engel. 2020. "Reliability versus renewables: Modeling costs and revenue in CAISO and PJM." The Electricity Journal 33, no. 10: 106860.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Water productivity (WP) expressed as the yield produced per unit volume of water is an important indicator of water use in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to complex plant cover and hydrological processes, the quantification and assessment of WP are usually difficult to determine, especially at the regional scale. In this study, an arid irrigated agro-ecosystem in the upper Yellow River basin was selected as a case study area. Based on field observation and model simulation results, the WP of irrigation water (WPI), water applied (WP(I+P)) and evapotranspiration (WPET) were calculated. Equivalent water productivity (EWP) of irrigation water (EWPI), water applied (EWP(I+P)) and evapotranspiration (EWPET) were proposed and calculated to unify the disparate WP for various crops and natural vegetation. Results showed WPI and WP(I+P) decreased with the increase of water application for all plants except watermelon, indicating supplemental irrigation to watermelon is urgent to improve its production and WP(I+P). The spatially averaged WPET (kg m−3) was 2.47 for maize, 0.80 for sunflower, 12.3 for watermelon, 1.39 for wheat and 0.65 for natural vegetation. WPET for natural vegetation was usually lower in this salt stressed area compared with other water stressed areas. The EWP revealed the rank order of WP for different crops and natural vegetation: watermelon > wheat > maize > sunflower for EWPI; natural vegetation > wheat > watermelon > maize > sunflower for EWP(I+P); and wheat > sunflower > watermelon > maize > natural vegetation for EWPET. The relationship between EWP(I+P) and EWPET was scale dependent due to the water reuse phenomena among different land cover types and the canals through the shallow groundwater system. Ignoring natural vegetation will result in considerable bias in the estimation of the regional scale water productivity (16 % in this study). WP improvement strategies such as transferring irrigation water from less productive (sunflower) areas to productive (vegetable and natural vegetation) areas, reducing bare soil evaporation and constructing a timely and accurate irrigation-drainage system were provided.

ACS Style

Dongyang Ren; Xu Xu; Bernard Engel; Quanzhong Huang; YunWu Xiong; Zailin Huo; Guanhua Huang. A comprehensive analysis of water productivity in natural vegetation and various crops coexistent agro-ecosystems. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106481 .

AMA Style

Dongyang Ren, Xu Xu, Bernard Engel, Quanzhong Huang, YunWu Xiong, Zailin Huo, Guanhua Huang. A comprehensive analysis of water productivity in natural vegetation and various crops coexistent agro-ecosystems. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dongyang Ren; Xu Xu; Bernard Engel; Quanzhong Huang; YunWu Xiong; Zailin Huo; Guanhua Huang. 2020. "A comprehensive analysis of water productivity in natural vegetation and various crops coexistent agro-ecosystems." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106481.

Special issue paper
Published: 30 June 2020 in River Research and Applications
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Aquatic ecosystem response to dam construction and operation is an important concern, but systematic assessment of impacts induced by cascade small rubber dams are seriously lacking. In this study, the Huangshui River in Qinghai Province was selected to investigate biological response to small cascade rubber dams. Two years of monitoring data in 2018 and 2019 were utilized to quantify the variation of five kinds of aquatic organisms. Results indicate continuous rubber dams produced significant changes to hydrological regimes of rivers, especially for high flow seasons, and further affect aquatic biological populations and structures of the river. (a) The biodiversity and biomass of plankton increased by 8.0 times and 1.8 times, respectively; the biomass of fish and benthic animals were enhanced by 3.2 and 2.1 times, respectively, but the species richness decreased by 30% on average. Native fish are completely replaced by exotic fish, and benthic animals are changing towards singularity; (b) The surface and bottom food chains of the river gradually become dominant, and the disappearance of native fish in the middle layer caused the exchange flow in the middle layer to decrease rapidly, which leads to a dumbbell‐shaped distribution structure of biomass; (c) The regulation services of rivers have also undergone huge changes. N2O and CH4 emissions from dammed areas have increased by 10.1 times, and the water purification function varied in different dammed areas.

ACS Style

Xufeng Mao; Xiaoyan Wei; Bernard Engel; Wenying Wang; Xin Jin; Yanxiang Jin. Biological response to 5 years of operations of cascade rubber dams in a plateau urban river, China. River Research and Applications 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Xufeng Mao, Xiaoyan Wei, Bernard Engel, Wenying Wang, Xin Jin, Yanxiang Jin. Biological response to 5 years of operations of cascade rubber dams in a plateau urban river, China. River Research and Applications. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xufeng Mao; Xiaoyan Wei; Bernard Engel; Wenying Wang; Xin Jin; Yanxiang Jin. 2020. "Biological response to 5 years of operations of cascade rubber dams in a plateau urban river, China." River Research and Applications , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Agronomy
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Salinity and water shortage are the most important factors limiting crop productivity, so increasing the productivity of salt-affected soils is important to address the global food gap. Two field experiments were conducted under typical farm conditions in the North Nile Delta to study the effect of planting methods and gypsum application on wheat yield and water productivity under a range of water and soil salinity levels. In the first experiment, wheat was treated with gypsum (25%, 75%, and 100% gypsum-requirement) with moderate or high salinity in soil and water. The second experiment was conducted for two seasons at two sites to test three planting methods (flat, 60-cm furrows, and 120-cm raised-beds) under normal or high salinity levels of both soil and water. The results showed that gypsum alleviated the hazardous effects of salinity stress on grain yield. Raised furrows or beds under higher salinity levels increased soil salinity, and soil salinity was slightly increased with flat plots. Higher yields, water savings, and water productivities were achieved with raised furrows or beds under normal salinity. To improve yield under normal salinity conditions, raised beds are the recommended planting method. Furthermore, gypsum application in cultivated fields can mitigate the negative effects of salinity stress.

ACS Style

Hesham Aboelsoud; Bernard Engel; Khaled Gad. Effect of Planting Methods and Gypsum Application on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat under Salinity Conditions in North Nile Delta. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Hesham Aboelsoud, Bernard Engel, Khaled Gad. Effect of Planting Methods and Gypsum Application on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat under Salinity Conditions in North Nile Delta. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hesham Aboelsoud; Bernard Engel; Khaled Gad. 2020. "Effect of Planting Methods and Gypsum Application on Yield and Water Productivity of Wheat under Salinity Conditions in North Nile Delta." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2020 in Ecological Engineering
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Constructed wetlands (CW), while providing multiple ecosystem services, bring significant changes in greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions to the atmosphere. To systematically analyze the source-flow-sink of three GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O), the Huoshaogou multi-stage free water surface CW in Qinghai Province, China was chosen as the research area. The static chamber-gas chromatography method was utilized to detect GHGs flux of the 6-year old CW. Ecological network analysis (ENA) was utilized to demonstrate the carbon-related source-flow-sink of the CW. By comparing the results of the wetland site with a reference site, we found that: (1) The average GHG emission flux (2018 and 2019) in the wetland area, with an average of 212.27 mg/m2·h (CO2), 8.84 mg/m2·h (CH4), and 197.4 μg/m2·h (N2O), is about 5.8 times the average flux in the reference site; (2) Wetland plants' contribution to GHGs emissions was reduced by 12% when compared with the reference site; (3) The increasing linkages and inter-flow intensity led to more homogeneous emission distribution of GHGs; (4) The pelagic food chain became dominant over the benthic food chain in photoplankton-related carbon flows, resulting in more GHG emission from the bottom of the CW.

ACS Style

Xufeng Mao; Xiaoyan Wei; Bernard Engel; Xijie Wei; Zhifa Zhang; Yaqin Tao; Wenying Wang. Network-based perspective on water-air interface GHGs flux on a cascade surface-flow constructed wetland in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Ecological Engineering 2020, 151, 105862 .

AMA Style

Xufeng Mao, Xiaoyan Wei, Bernard Engel, Xijie Wei, Zhifa Zhang, Yaqin Tao, Wenying Wang. Network-based perspective on water-air interface GHGs flux on a cascade surface-flow constructed wetland in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Ecological Engineering. 2020; 151 ():105862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xufeng Mao; Xiaoyan Wei; Bernard Engel; Xijie Wei; Zhifa Zhang; Yaqin Tao; Wenying Wang. 2020. "Network-based perspective on water-air interface GHGs flux on a cascade surface-flow constructed wetland in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China." Ecological Engineering 151, no. : 105862.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Water
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Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the biggest data gaps in water management due to limited ET measurements, and further, spatial variability in ET is difficult to capture. Satellite-based ET estimation has great potential for water resources planning as it allows estimation of agricultural water use at field, landscape, and watershed scales. However, uncertainties with satellite data derived ET are a major concern. This study evaluates hourly satellite-based ET from 2001–2010 for the growing season (May–October) under irrigated and dryland conditions for both tall and short crops. The evaluation was conducted using observed ET from four large weighing lysimeters at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Conservation and Production Research Laboratory in Bushland, Texas. Hourly ET from satellite data were derived using the Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model. Performance statistics showed that satellite-based hourly estimates compared to lysimeter measurements provided good performance with an root-mean-square error(RMSE) of 0.14 mm, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.57, and R2 of 0.62 for ET for dryland crops, and RMSE of 0.16, NSE of 0.63, and R2 of 0.65 for irrigated crops. METRIC provided accurate hourly ET estimates that may be useful for irrigation scheduling and other water resources management purposes based on the hourly assessment.

ACS Style

Ahmed A. Hashem; Bernard A. Engel; Vincent F. Bralts; Gary W. Marek; Jerry E. Moorhead; Mohamed Rashad; Sherif Radwan; Prasanna H. Gowda. Landsat Hourly Evapotranspiration Flux Assessment using Lysimeters for the Texas High Plains. Water 2020, 12, 1192 .

AMA Style

Ahmed A. Hashem, Bernard A. Engel, Vincent F. Bralts, Gary W. Marek, Jerry E. Moorhead, Mohamed Rashad, Sherif Radwan, Prasanna H. Gowda. Landsat Hourly Evapotranspiration Flux Assessment using Lysimeters for the Texas High Plains. Water. 2020; 12 (4):1192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed A. Hashem; Bernard A. Engel; Vincent F. Bralts; Gary W. Marek; Jerry E. Moorhead; Mohamed Rashad; Sherif Radwan; Prasanna H. Gowda. 2020. "Landsat Hourly Evapotranspiration Flux Assessment using Lysimeters for the Texas High Plains." Water 12, no. 4: 1192.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Technological Forecasting and Social Change
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It is significant to clarify the driving mechanism of the forest ecosystem changes at different scales in Northeast China with serious forest degradation. With Changbai Mountains in Northeast China as the study area, this study integrated multi–source data to explore the spatio–temporal changes of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and its spatial agglomeration patterns, and probed its multi–level driving mechanism based on the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM). The results showed the overall NPP in the study area had a gradual declining trend from southeast to northwest from 2001 to 2015. Besides, the ecological risk regions, including Low-Low (L–L) and High–Low (H–L) cluster types, expanded from 27.56% during 2001–2008 to 28.21% during 2008–2015, suggesting the local departments should focus on optimizing these regions and strengthen the construction of complex forests with large age differences to make the ecological environment healthier. In addition, results from the HLM suggested that key driving factors, e.g., the precipitation and vegetation coverage rate, had significant promoting effects on NPP at the grid scale. Whereas the soil organic matter content, distance to the highway, irrigation rate, percentage of the disaster area had significant inhibitory effects (p<0.01) on ecological environment at the watershed scale. Finally, the increase of the total investment in ecological engineering might directly promote the ecological recovery at the county scale. Those results could provide a reasonable scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of regional forest resources, and sustainable socio–economic development.

ACS Style

Chunli Wang; Qun'ou Jiang; Bernard Engel; Johann Alexander Vera Mercado; Zhonghui Zhang. Analysis on net primary productivity change of forests and its multi–level driving mechanism – A case study in Changbai Mountains in Northeast China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2020, 153, 119939 .

AMA Style

Chunli Wang, Qun'ou Jiang, Bernard Engel, Johann Alexander Vera Mercado, Zhonghui Zhang. Analysis on net primary productivity change of forests and its multi–level driving mechanism – A case study in Changbai Mountains in Northeast China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2020; 153 ():119939.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chunli Wang; Qun'ou Jiang; Bernard Engel; Johann Alexander Vera Mercado; Zhonghui Zhang. 2020. "Analysis on net primary productivity change of forests and its multi–level driving mechanism – A case study in Changbai Mountains in Northeast China." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 153, no. : 119939.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Ecological Indicators
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Coastal wetlands play an important role in regional and even continental sustainable development because of their valuable ecosystem services. The coupling mechanism among hydrology, edaphic factors, and vegetation is the key to coastal wetland management. The current study conducted in the Yellow River Delta used an improved-comprehensive hydrological connectivity structure index, Topographic Over Field Capacity Index (TOFCI), based on both soil water conditions (SWC) and topography to highlight the role of hydrological connectivity on intertidal flat (IF), tidal marsh (TM), semi-artificial pond (AP) and riverside intermittent flooded (RS) wetland classes among other environmental variables. The results showed plant community distributions and structures among wetland classes differed from each other significantly, and hydrological connectivity structure is one of the driving factors. The results provided three pieces of evidence for this inference: 1) according to PCA results, the contribution of TOFCI is the highest among all environmental variables; 2) TOFCI values show significant difference among different plant communities; 3) TOFCI is also significantly correlated to species composition and distribution according to the CCA and RDA results. TOFCI values are positively linearly correlated to the plant coverage and biomass in intertidal flat wetlands according to linear regression analysis. Furthermore, salinity, soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus also influence plant community distribution and species composition. Finally, simple parameters for soil water conditions or topographic characteristics do not show significant explanatory power to hydrology-vegetation interaction. The results of the current study provide a new perspective for coastal wetland conservation and restoration.

ACS Style

Jiakai Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Guifang Zhang; Yu Wang; Yanan Wu; Mingxiang Zhang; Zhenming Zhang. Hydrological connectivity: One of the driving factors of plant communities in the Yellow River Delta. Ecological Indicators 2020, 112, 106150 .

AMA Style

Jiakai Liu, Bernard A. Engel, Guifang Zhang, Yu Wang, Yanan Wu, Mingxiang Zhang, Zhenming Zhang. Hydrological connectivity: One of the driving factors of plant communities in the Yellow River Delta. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 112 ():106150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiakai Liu; Bernard A. Engel; Guifang Zhang; Yu Wang; Yanan Wu; Mingxiang Zhang; Zhenming Zhang. 2020. "Hydrological connectivity: One of the driving factors of plant communities in the Yellow River Delta." Ecological Indicators 112, no. : 106150.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2020 in Water
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Alteration of land use and climate change are among the main variables affecting watershed hydrology. Characterizing the impacts of climate variation and land use alteration on water resources is essential in managing watersheds. Thus, in this research, streamflow and baseflow responses to climate and land use variation were modeled in two watersheds, the Upper West Branch DuPage River (UWBDR) watershed in Illinois and Walzem Creek watershed in Texas. The variations in streamflow and baseflow were evaluated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The alteration in land use between 1992 and 2011 was evaluated using transition matrix analysis. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall test was adopted to investigate changes in meteorological data for 1980–2017. Our results indicate that the baseflow accounted for almost 55.3% and 33.3% of the annual streamflow in the UWBDR and Walzem Creek watersheds, respectively. The contribution of both land use alteration and climate variability on the flow variation is higher in the UWBDR watershed. In Walzem Creek, the alteration in streamflow and baseflow appears to be driven by the effect of urbanization more than that of climate variability. The results reported herein are compared with results reported in recent work by the authors in order to provide necessary information for water resources management planning, as well as soil and water conservation, and to broaden the current understanding of hydrological components variation in different climate regions.

ACS Style

Mohamed Aboelnour; Margaret W. Gitau; Bernard A. Engel. A Comparison of Streamflow and Baseflow Responses to Land-Use Change and the Variation in Climate Parameters Using SWAT. Water 2020, 12, 191 .

AMA Style

Mohamed Aboelnour, Margaret W. Gitau, Bernard A. Engel. A Comparison of Streamflow and Baseflow Responses to Land-Use Change and the Variation in Climate Parameters Using SWAT. Water. 2020; 12 (1):191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed Aboelnour; Margaret W. Gitau; Bernard A. Engel. 2020. "A Comparison of Streamflow and Baseflow Responses to Land-Use Change and the Variation in Climate Parameters Using SWAT." Water 12, no. 1: 191.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in Environmental Modelling & Software
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Nitrate contamination in groundwater was evaluated using the concept of integrated aquifer assessment by combining groundwater characterization and risk analysis with tiered approaches for land and surface runoff contamination by soil chemicals and leaching of contamination to groundwater in the Upper White River Watershed (UWRW) in Indiana. Integrated aquifer vulnerability assessment was conducted using an integration of a distributed watershed model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool [SWAT]) and a machine learning technique (Geospatial-Artificial Neural Network [Geo-ANN]). The results indicate that integrated aquifer vulnerability assessment performed well based on the model performance (NSE/R2/PBIAS = 0.66/0.70/0.07). Thus, the overall assessment of aquifer vulnerability can be performed using the integrated aquifer vulnerability assessment technique provided in this study. Moreover, this approach provides an efficient guide for managing groundwater resources for policy makers and groundwater-related researchers.

ACS Style

Won Seok Jang; Bernie Engel; Chul Min Yeum. Integrated environmental modeling for efficient aquifer vulnerability assessment using machine learning. Environmental Modelling & Software 2019, 124, 104602 .

AMA Style

Won Seok Jang, Bernie Engel, Chul Min Yeum. Integrated environmental modeling for efficient aquifer vulnerability assessment using machine learning. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2019; 124 ():104602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Won Seok Jang; Bernie Engel; Chul Min Yeum. 2019. "Integrated environmental modeling for efficient aquifer vulnerability assessment using machine learning." Environmental Modelling & Software 124, no. : 104602.