Surface morphology impacts material performance and durability significantly. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of laser shock peening (LSP) treatment on the surface morphology of materials and to explore more optimized LSP treatment strategies, this study presents an investigation into the surface morphology of 20CrMnTi steel following LSP treatment. Through the application of statistical analysis, the study examines the induced surface morphology variations resulting from both single-point repetitive LSP and multiple LSP treatments. Experimental results demonstrate significant alterations in surface roughness and peak height distribution after LSP treatments, accompanied by the presence of high amplitude compressive residual stress (CRS). Moreover, the depth of laser-induced indentations is found to be closely related to the number of impacts, and the incidence angle of the laser exhibits a discernible influence on the directional texture and periodicity of the impacted surfaces. This investigation also proposes a method for estimating surface morphology variations after LSP treatment by means of analysis of impact patterns, thereby offering the potential for enhancing the friction and wear performance of the impacted surfaces through the adjustment of the impact region position during multi-layer LSP treatment.