This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the intricate involvement of insulin receptor (IR) isoforms and insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGFRs) in the context of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) pathway. This elaborate system encompasses ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, giving rise to a wide array of functions, including aspects such as carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Detailed genetic analysis of IR and IGFR structures highlights their distinct isoforms, which arise from alternative splicing and exhibit diverse affinities for ligands. Notably, the overexpression of the IR-A isoform is linked to cancer stemness, tumor development, and resistance to targeted therapies. Similarly, elevated IGFR expression accelerates tumor progression and fosters chemoresistance. The review underscores the intricate interplay between IRs and IGFRs, contributing to resistance against anti-IGFR drugs. Consequently, the dual targeting of both receptors could present a more effective strategy for surmounting chemoresistance. To conclude, this review brings to light the pivotal roles played by IRs and IGFRs in cellular signaling, carcinogenesis, and therapy resistance. By precisely modulating these receptors and their complex signaling pathways, the potential emerges for developing enhanced anti-cancer interventions, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Imposter Phenomenon (IP) describes internal doubt and fear of being exposed as fraud despite achievements. Coined by Clance and Imes, it is linked to societal pressures and attributing success to luck rather than ability. The main aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with IP among Alfaisal University medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire to assess IP and perfectionism in 295 medical students (74.9% female). Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: Nearly half (49.2%) of the participants reported frequent imposter characteristics, with a substantial portion (27.1%) experiencing intense characteristics. Females were more likely to experience IP compared to males. Neither GPA nor year of study were significant predictors of IP. However, perfectionism scores showed a strong positive association with IP. Conclusions: This study identified a high prevalence of IP among Alfaisal medical students. While gender differences were observed, academic performance and year of study were not significant predictors. Perfectionism emerged as an associated factor of IP. These findings suggest that interventions targeting perfectionism and promoting self-compassion may benefit medical students experiencing IP. Further research is needed to explore the underlying causes of IP and its impact on student well-being.